List of contributors xiv Preface xvi Acknowledgements xvii About the companion website xviii Chapter 1 Professionalism in paramedic practice 1 Netta Lloyd?Jones Introduction 2 Professionalism in paramedic practice 2 Defining professionalism 3 Professionalism as ethical practice 3 Professional identity, socialisation, and culture 4 How do students learn professionalism? 6 Assessment and standards of professionalism 7 Regulatory areas, fitness to practise processes, and outcomes 8 Conclusion 9 Activities 9 Glossary 10 References 10 Chapter 2 Professional health regulation for paramedicine and ambulance prehospital emergency care 12 Ramon Z. Shaban, Ruth Townsend Introduction 13 Principles for paramedic professional health regulation 13 Health professional regulation for paramedic professionalism 14 The UK experience 15 Paramedics behaving badly 18 The Australian experience 19 Conclusion 20 Activities 21 Glossary 21 References 22 Chapter 3 Human factors in paramedicine 23 Sam Willis, Helen Pocock Introduction 24 What are human factors? 24 Human error in paramedicine 25 Tasks 26 Organisation 27 Tools and technology 28 Environment 28 Interactions 29 Human factors in paramedic practice 29 Conclusion 32 Activities 32 Glossary 33 References 33 Chapter 4 Mental capacity and prehospital care 35 Sue Putman Introduction 36 What is mental capacity? 36 How do we make decisions? 37 Assessing mental capacity 38 The five principles 39 Additional mental capacity safeguards 43 Conclusion 45 Activities 46 Glossary 46 References 47 Chapter 5 Mental health and prehospital care 48 Sue Putman Introduction 49 What is ''mental health''? 49 What are ''mental disorder'' and ''mental illness''? 50 Emotions (mood) and behaviour 52 ABC model of emotion 52 Brief outline of common mental illnesses 52 General strategies to help with all mental health conditions in the prehospital environment 56 Mental health act 57 Conclusion 57 Activities 58 Glossary 58 References 58 Chapter 6 Communication skills for the prehospital professional 60 Sam Willis, Gary Mellor Introduction 61 Background 61 The importance of effective communication 62 A model of communication 62 vii Nonverbal communication 63 Verbal communication 68 Effective listening 69 Empathy 70 Barriers to effective communication in the prehospital setting 70 Conclusion 71 Activities 71 Glossary 72 References 73 Chapter 7 Sociological aspects of paramedic practice 74 Kellie Tune Introduction 75 The sociological imagination 75 Three sociological paradigms 76 The sociocultural context of health 78 Medicalisation and demedicalisation 80 Conclusion 80 Activities 80 Glossary 82 References 82 Chapter 8 Legal and ethical aspects of paramedic practice 84 Ruth Townsend, Sam Willis, Nevin Mehmet Introduction 85 Legal aspects of paramedic practice 85 Ethical aspects of paramedic practice 90 Ethical principles: An ethical framework 92 Conclusion 93 Activities 93 Glossary 94 References 94 Chapter 9 Leadership and mentorship in paramedic practice 95 Roger Dalrymple Introduction 96 Theories of leadership: a brief overview 97 Definitions of leadership 98 From leaders to leadership behaviours 98 Leadership styles and approaches 99 Leadership at the individual level 100 Leadership and the mentoring or supervisory role 101 Leadership and team work 103 Ongoing leadership development 104 Conclusion 104 Activities 104 Glossary 105 References 106 Chapter 10 Safeguarding adults at risk of abuse and neglect 107 Rozz McDonald Introduction 108 Legislation and policy 108 Types of abuse and neglect 110 Recognising abuse and neglect 110 Radicalisation and extremism 115 Practice principles of safeguarding 116 Paramedic responsibilities 116 Conclusion 119 Activities 119 Glossary 119 References 120 Chapter 11 Essential toxicology for prehospital clinicians 122 Jack Matulich Introduction 123 Pharmacokinetics in toxicology 124 The importance of clinical context and vulnerability 125 The initial resuscitative approach in toxicology 126 Toxidromes 130 Activities 139 Glossary 140 References 141 Chapter 12 Medical terminology 142 Steve Whitfield, Michael Porter Introduction 143 A brief history (Hx) of medical terminology 144 Medical terminology and word structure 145 Prefixes and suffixes 145 The building blocks of medical terms 148 Pronunciation of medical terms 149 Forming plurals 150 Eponyms 150 Anatomical positions 151 Movement terminology 154 Medical abbreviations and acronyms 154 Common similarities in terminology 160 Spelling - British versus American English 161 Conclusion 161 Activities 162 Glossary 162 References 163 Chapter 13 Research methods and paramedic practice 164 Jan Davison?Fischer, Catherine J. Davison?Fischer, Roger Dalrymple Introduction 165 Qualitative and quantitative research 165 Ethics 167 Case reports 167 Case control studies 167 Questionnaire studies 168 Interview studies 170 Focus group studies 170 Observational and participatory studies 170 Before?and?after studies and routinely collected data 171 Randomised controlled trials 171 Longitudinal cohort and panel studies 172 Critical literature reviews 172 Conclusion 175 Activities 175 Glossary 176 References 176 Chapter 14 Trauma 178 Charlie McGurk, Sam Willis, Alice Acutt Introduction 179 Head injuries 179 Facial injuries 182 Neck and back injuries 183 Chest injuries 185 Abdominal injuries 188 Pelvic injuries 189 Limb injuries 190 Upper limb injuries 191 Shock 192 Conclusion 192 Activities 192 Glossary 193 References 194 Chapter 15 Prehospital electrocardiography 195 Nathan Puckeridge Introduction 196 What is an ECG? 196 P, Q, R, S, and T waves 197 Evaluating the ECG 198 Atrioventricular heart blocks 201 Performing and reviewing a 12?lead ECG 202 Acute coronary syndromes and the ECG 203 Idioventricular rhythm 204 Bundle branch blocks 205 Conclusion 205 Activities 206 Glossary 206 References 207 Chapter 16 Assessing the cardiac system 208 Mark Ives, Sam Willis, Sonja Maria, Clare Sutton Introduction 209 Cardiac anatomy and physiology 209 Common cardiac conditions 211 Patient assessment 215 Conclusion 224 Activities 224 Glossary 225 References 225 Chapter 17 Assessing the nervous system 227 Clair Merriman Introduction 228 Nervous system: structure and function 228 Central nervous system 229 Peripheral nervous system 232 Upper and lower motor neurones 233 History and physical examination 233 Conclusion 241 Activities 241 Glossary 242 References 242 Chapter 18 Assessing the abdomen 243 Matthew Faulkner, Clare Sutton, Georgina Pickering Introduction 244 Abdominal anatomy and physiology 244 Patient assessment 254 Conclusion 261 Activities 261 Glossary 262 References 263 Chapter 19 Respiratory assessment 264 Dan Staines, Samantha Sheridan, Georgina Pickering Introduction 265 Respiratory anatomy and physiology 266 Pathophysiology of respiratory conditions 268 Patient assessment 268 Conclusion 278 Activities 278 Glossary 279 References 279 Chapter 20 Paramedic assessment skills 280 Duncan McConnell Introduction 281 Part 1: The conscious patient 281 Case study 1: Using the primary survey 283 Case study 2: Implementing the secondary survey 287 Case study 3: Completing the systematic approach 290 Part 2: The unconscious patient 292 Case study 4: The unconscious patient systematic approach 296 Conclusion 299 Activities 304 Glossary 304 References 305 Chapter 21 Birth and the paramedic 307 Robb Kightley Introduction 308 Physiological birth 308 Birth phases 309 Preparing for the birth 311 Paramedic intervention following normal childbirth 312 Birth complications 313 Conclusion 317 Activities 317 Glossary 318 References 318 Chapter 22 Paedia.