List of Figures Acknowledgments 1--Introduction to Bone Research Bone Biology Temporal Changes in Human Lifestyle Evidence of Change: Skeletal Samples and Clinical Databases 2--Growth Patterns The Human Growth Pattern Long Bone Growth Osteological Indicators of Growth Conclusions 3--Adult Bone Health Osteomalacia Osteoporosis and Osteopenia Conclusions 4--Childhood Injuries Detecting Childhood Trauma Patterns of Childhood Trauma: Falls, Abuse, Sports Conclusions 5--Back Pains Vertebral Anatomy of a Biped Back Pain Demographics Vertebral Pathology Detection Schmorl's Nodes Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Treatment Conclusions 6--Arthritis Erosive Arthritis Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and Risk Factors Osteoporosis and Other Degenerative Diseases Joint Pain Treatment Conclusions 7--Oral Health Tooth Anatomy and Examinations Tooth Wear: Attrition, Abrasion, and Erosion Tooth Decay Periodontal Disease Tooth Loss Malocclusion Conclusions 8--Infectious Diseases General Bone Infections Parasite-Induced Anemia Treponemal Diseases Mycobacterial Diseases Conclusions 9--Congenital Defects Birth Defects Diagnostics Temporal Changes in Birth Defects Conclusions 10--The Next Fifty Years? Older Populations Genetic and Medical Advances Obesity Urbanization Food Fortification Increasing Paternal Age Return of Past Diseases Conclusions Acronyms Glossary Works Cited Index About the Author.