Foreword xix Introduction xxi Part I Physical Networking 101 Chapter 1 The Very Basics 1 Key Concepts 1 Introduction 1 Reinventing the Wheel 2 Summary 6 Chapter 2 A Tale of Two Network Models 7 Key Concepts 7 Introduction 7 Model Behavior 9 Layering 9 Encapsulation 9 The OSI Model 10 The TCP/IP Model 12 The Network Interface Layer 12 The Internet Layer 13 The Transport Layer 14 The Application Layer 14 Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models 15 Summary 16 Chapter 3 Ethernet Networks 17 Key Concepts 17 Introduction 17 Ethernet 18 History and Theory of Operation 18 Ethernet Standards and Cable Types 19 Ethernet Addressing 23 Extending Ethernet Segments: Repeaters, Hubs, and Switches 24 Switching Logic 25 Summary 26 Chapter 4 Advanced Layer 2 27 Key Concepts 27 Introduction 27 Concepts 28 Trunking 30 Loop Avoidance and Spanning Tree 32 Spanning Tree Overview 32 PortFast 35 Rapid Spanning Tree 35 Link Aggregation 36 What Is Link Aggregation? 36 Dynamic Link Aggregation 39 Load Distribution Types 41 Summary 42 Reference 43 Chapter 5 Layer 3 45 Key Concepts 45 Introduction 45 The Network Layer 46 Routing and Forwarding 46 Connected, Static, and Dynamic Routes 46 The Gateway of Last Resort 47 IP Addressing and Subnetting 47 Classful Addressing 48 Classless Addressing 48 Reserved Addresses 50 Network Layer Supporting Applications 50 DHCP 50 DNS 51 ARP 51 Ping 52 Summary 52 Chapter 6 Converged Infrastructure 53 Key Concepts 53 Introduction 53 Concepts 54 Converged Infrastructure Advantages 54 Examples 55 Cisco UCS 55 HP BladeSystem 57 Nutanix Virtual Computing Platform 59 Summary 60 Part II Virtual Switching Chapter 7 How Virtual Switching Differs from Physical Switching 61 Key Concepts 61 Introduction 61 Physical and Virtual Switch Comparison 62 Similarities 62 Differences 63 Switching Decisions 63 Physical Uplinks 65 Host Network Interface Card (NIC) 65 Virtual Ports 66 Virtual Machine NICs 67 VMkernel Ports 67 Service Console 67 VLANs 68 External Switch Tagging (EST) 68 Virtual Switch Tagging (VST) 68 Virtual Guest Tagging (VGT) 69 Summary 70 Chapter 8 vSphere Standard Switch 71 Key Concepts 71 Introduction 71 The vSphere Standard Switch 72 Plane English 72 Control Plane 72 Data Plane 73 vSwitch Properties 73 Ports 73 Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) 74 Security 75 Promiscuous Mode 75 MAC Address Changes 76 Forged Transmits 77 Discovery 78 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 79 Traffic Shaping 80 Traffic Shaping Math 82 NIC Teaming 82 Load Balancing 83 Network Failure Detection 84 Notify Switches 86 Failback 86 Failover Order 87 Hierarchy Overrides 87 VMkernel Ports 88 Port Properties and Services 88 IP Addresses 89 VM Port Groups 90 Summary 91 Chapter 9 vSphere Distributed Switch 93 Key Concepts 93 Introduction to the vSphere Distributed Switch 93 Control Plane 94 Handling vCenter Failure 94 Data Plane 96 Monitoring 96 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 97 Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) 97 NetFlow 98 Port Mirroring 101 Private VLANs 105 Primary VLAN 106 Promiscuous VLAN 106 Secondary VLANs 106 Community VLANs 107 Isolated VLAN 108 Distributed Port Groups 108 VMkernel Ports 109 Virtual Machines 110 Traffic Shaping 111 Egress 111 Load Balancing 112 Route Based on Physical NIC Load 112 Network I/O Control 115 Network Resource Pools 116 Shares 117 User-Defined Network Resource Pools 119 Summary 120 Chapter 10 Third Party Switches-1000V 121 Key Concepts 121 Introduction 121 Integration with vSphere 122 Architectural Differences 123 Virtual Supervisor Module 124 Port Profiles 126 Virtual Ethernet Module 128 Layer 2 Mode 129 Nexus 1000V in Layer 3 Mode 130 VEM Maximums 132 Advanced Features 132 A Comment on Nexus OS 132 Licensed Modes of Operation 132 Essential Edition 133 Advanced Edition 133 Summary 134 Chapter 11 Lab Scenario 135 Key Concepts 135 Introduction 135 Building a Virtual Network 135 Architectural Decisions 136 Network Design 136 Host Design 137 Data Traffic Design for Virtual Machines 138 Lab Scenario 139 Summary 143 Chapter 12 Standard vSwitch Design 145 Key Concepts 145 Introduction 145 Standard vSwitch Design 146 Sample Use Case 146 Naming Conventions 147 Ensuring Quality of Service 149 Network Adapters 151 Virtual Machine Traffic 153 Virtual Machine Port Groups 153 Failover Order 156 VMkernel Ports 158 Management 158 vMotion 161 Fault Tolerance 166 NFS Storage 168 VMkernel Failover Overview 170 Final Tuning 172 Confi guring Additional vSphere Hosts 173 Summary 173 Chapter 13 Distributed vSwitch Design 175 Key Concepts 175 Introduction 175 Distributed vSwitch Design 176 Use Case 176 Naming Conventions 177 Ensuring Quality of Service 178 Network IO Control 178 Priority Tagging with 802.1p 180 Differentiated Service Code Point 181 Creating the Distributed vSwitch 182 Network Adapters 185 Distributed Port Groups for Virtual Machines 186 Load Based Teaming 188 Distributed Port Groups for VMkernel Ports 190 Management 191 vMotion 193 Fault Tolerance 194 iSCSI Storage 195 VMkernel Failover Overview 196 Adding vSphere Hosts 198 Creating VMkernel Ports 204 Moving the vCenter Virtual Machine 208 Final Steps 212 Health Check 212 Network Discovery Protocol 214 Other Design Considerations 215 Fully Automated Design 215 Hybrid Automation Design 216 Which Is Right? 216 Summary 216 Part III You Got Your Storage in My Networking: IP Storage Chapter 14 iSCSI General Use Cases 219 Key Concepts 219 Introduction 219 Understanding iSCSI 220 Lossless Versus Best Effort Protocols 220 Priority-Based Flow Control 220 VLAN Isolation 222 iSCSI with Jumbo Frames 222 iSCSI Components 223 Initiators 224 Targets 224 Naming 225 Security with CHAP 227 iSCSI Adapters 229 Software iSCSI Adapter 230 Dependent Hardware iSCSI Adapters 231 Independent Hardware iSCSI Adapters 232 iSCSI Design 233 NIC Teaming 234 Network Port Binding 236 Multiple vSwitch Design 236 Single vSwitch Design 238 Boot from iSCSI 239 Summary 241 Chapter 15 iSCSI Design and Confi guration 243 Key Concepts 243 Introduction 243 iSCSI Design 244 Use Case 244 Naming Conventions 245 Network Addresses 246 vSwitch Confi guration 247 iSCSI Distributed Port Groups 247 VMkernel Ports 250 Network Port Binding 254 Jumbo Frames 256 Adding iSCSI Devices 258 iSCSI Server and Targets 258 Authentication with CHAP 261 Creating VMFS Datastores 263 Path Selection Policy 265 Summary 267 Chapter 16 NFS General Use Cases 269 Key Concepts 269 Introduction 269 Understanding NFS 269 Lossless Versus Best Effort Protocols 270 VLAN Isolation 271 NFS with Jumbo Frames 271 NFS Components 272 Exports 272 Daemons 272 Mount Points 273 Security with ACLs 275 Network Adapters 276 NFS Design 276 Single Network 277 Multiple Networks 278 Link Aggregation Group 280 Summary 283 Chapter 17 NFS Design and Confi guration 285 Key Concepts 285 Introduction 285 NFS Design 285 Use Case 286 Naming Conventions 286 Network Addresses 287 vSwitch Confi guration 288 NFS vSwitch 288 Network Adapters 290 VMkernel Ports 291 Mounting NFS Storage 294 Summary 296 Part IV Other Design Scenarios Chapter 18 Additional vSwitch Design Scenarios 297 Key Concepts 297 Introduction 297 Use Case 298 Naming Standards 298 Two Network Adapters 299 With Ethernet-based Storage 299 Without Ethernet-based Storage 300 Four Network Ports 300 With Ethernet-based Storage 300 Without Ethernet-based Storage 301 Six Network Ports 302 With Ethernet-based Storage--Six 1 Gb 303 Without Ethernet-based Storage--Six 1 Gb 304 With Ethernet-based Storage--Four 1 Gb + Two 10 Gb 304 Without Ethernet-based Storage--Four 1 Gb + Two 10 Gb 305 Eight Network Adapters 306 With Ethernet-based Storage-.