Contents Preface List of Illustrations Part 1: Mothers, Wet Nurses and Feeding Bottles 1 The History of Breast-Feeding in France 1 The Return to Maternal Breast-Feeding 2 Images of Breast-Feeding Bourgeois Mothers 3 The Strengthening of the Institution of Wet-Nursing 4 Child-Care Manuals for Mothers 5 The Feeding Bottle and the Medicalization of Breast-Feeding Part 2: Death and Substitute Mothers 2 Breast-Feeding and Death 1 The Dead Mother in Flood Scenes 2 Death and Miraculous Salvation: The Dead Mother in Religious Art 3 Natural Disasters, Wars, Plagues, and Famine: The Dead Mother in Secular Art 4 From the Exotic to the Contemporary: Dying from Hunger in France3 Breast-Feeding as Benevolence: Representations of Charity 1 "La Charité c'est moi!": The Image of Charity from the French Revolution to the End of the Bourbon Restoration 2 Between Secularization and Religiosity: The Image of Charity during the July Monarchy 3 Charity as Obligation: The Image of Charity during the Second Republic 4 Christianity and Social Justice: The Image of Charity during the Second Empire 5 Christianity, Fertility and Nationalism: The Image of Charity During the Third Republic4 From Sanctity to Promiscuity: The Wet Nurse 1 'La mère de lait et la mère de sang': Wet-Nursing during the French Revolution 2 The Wet Nurse as a Second Mother: Wet-Nursing in Nineteenth-Century France 3 The Nourrice sur lieu and the Soldier: Sexuality and Low Class Part 3: Maternal Breast-feeding 5 Charity and Social Justice: Maternal Breast-Feeding among the Lower Classes 1 Socialism and Christian Generosity: Destitute Beggars Breast-Feeding Outdoors 2 Social Justice and Egalitarianism: Working-Class Mothers Breast-Feeding At Home6 Fertility, Nature, and Work in the Fields: Maternal Breast-Feeding among the Peasantry 1 Serenity and Fertility: Peasants Breast-Feeding in the Fields 2 The Shattered Dream 3 Nostalgia and Pastorality7 A Woman's Virtue: Portrayals of Breast-Feeding among the Bourgeoisie 1 The Modern Madonna: Artists' Spouses Breast-Feeding at Home 2 Religiosity and Allegory: Bourgeois Mothers Breast-feeding in the Garden 3 From the Personal to the Universal 4 The Feeding Bottle: Visual Silencing versus Historical Prominence Afterword 1 Lactivism: Breast-Feeding as an Ideology 2 Women and Breast-Feeding 3 Breast-Feeding in Art and Culture Today Bibliography Index.