Preface Time Line I. What Is Philosophy? The Good of Philosophy Philosophical Terrain Thinking Philosophically Reasons and Arguments Fallacious Reasoning Identifying Arguments Obstacles to Critical Reasoning Some Applications Exercises in Critical Reasoning Study and Discussion Questions 1. Plato: Socratic Wisdom 2. Plato: The Allegory of the Cave 3. John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth 4. Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy Key Terms Suggestions for Further Reading II. Philosophy of Religion Introduction II.A.
Is Belief in God Rationally Justified? Arguments for the Existence of God The Cosmological Argument Pro 5. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways 6. William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Anthropic Principle Contra 7. Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument The Teleological Argument Pro 8. William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker Contra 9. David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument The Ontological Argument Pro et Contra 10. St. Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument 11.
William Rowe: An Analysis of the Ontological Argument II.B. Why Is There Evil? 12. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil? 13. B. C. Johnson: Why Doesn''t God Intervene to Prevent Evil? 14. John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil 15.
William L. Rowe: The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism II.C. Is Faith Compatible with Reason? 16. Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet 17. W. K. Clifford: The Ethics of Belief 18.
William James: The Will to Believe 19. Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence 20. Michael Martin: Faith and Foundationalism 21. Søren Kierkegaard: Faith and Truth 22. Bertrand Russell: Can Religion Cure Our Troubles? Key Terms Suggestions for Further Reading III. Knowledge Introduction III.A. What Can We Know? Classical Theories of Knowledge 23.
René Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge 24. John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge 25. George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge 26. David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas 27. G. E. Moore: Proof of an External World III.B.
Truth, Rationality, and Cognitive Relativism 28. Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth 29. William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth 30. Richard Rorty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity Versus Objectivity 31. Daniel Dennett: Postmodernism and Truth III.C. Feminist Perspectives on Knowledge 32. Eve Browning Cole: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism 33.
Alison Ainley: Feminist Philosophy 34. Louise Antony: Embodiment and Epistemology III.D. Induction 35. David Hume: Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding 36. Wesley C. Salmon: The Problem of Induction Key Terms Suggestions for Further Reading IV. Philosophy of Mind: The Mind-Body Problem Introduction IV.
A. What Am I? A Mind or a Body? 37. René Descartes: Substance Dualism 38. Gilbert Ryle: Exorcising Descartes'' "Ghost in the Machine" 39. J. P. Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism 40. Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism 41.
J. J. C. Smart: Sensations and Brain Processes 42. Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat? 43. Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem 44. David Chalmers: Property Dualism 45.
John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers 46. Ned Block: Troubles with Functionalism IV.B. Who Am I? Do We Have Personal Identity? 47. John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self 48. David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical Key Terms Suggestions for Further Reading V. Freedom of the Will and Determinism Introduction Contra 49. Baron d''Holbach: We Are Completely Determined Pro 50.
William James: The Dilemma of Determinism 51. Roderick M. Chisholm: Human Freedom and the Self Pro et Contra 52. Harry Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person 53. David Hume: Liberty and Necessity 54. W. T. Stace: Compatibilism Key Terms Suggestions for Further Reading VI.
Ethics Introduction VI.A. Are There Objective Moral Truths or Is Morality Relative? 55. Ruth Benedict: Morality Is Relative 56. James Rachels: Morality Is Not Relative VI.B. Ethics and Egoism: Why Should We Be Moral? 57. Plato: Why Should I Be Moral? Gyges'' Ring and Socrates'' Dilemma 58.
Louis P. Pojman: Egoism and Altruism: A Critique of Ayn Rand 59. Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism VI.C. Which Is the Correct Ethical Theory? 60. Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law 61. John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism 62. Russ Shafer-Landau: Consequentialism: Its Difficulties 63.
Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue 520 64. Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care 65. Alison M. Jaggar: Feminist Ethics 66. Annette C. Baier: The Need for More Than Justice 67. Lewis Vaughn: Morality Based on Prima Facie Principles 68. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics 69.
James Rachels: The Divine Command Theory 70. Thomas Nagel: Moral Luck 71. Susan Wolf: Moral Saints Key Terms Suggestions for Further Reading VII. Political Philosophy and Justice Introduction VII.A. What Is the Most Just Form of Government? 72. Robert Paul Wolff: In Defense of Anarchism 73. Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer: The Justification of the State Is the Security It Affords 74.
John Locke: The Democratic Answer: The Justification of the State Is Its Promotion of Security and Natural Human Rights 75. John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer: Government Must Promote Freedom 76. John Rawls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer 77. Robert Nozick: Against Liberalism VII.B. What Is Social Justice? 78. Martin Luther King Jr.: Nonviolence and Racial Justice 79.
Susan Moller Okin: Justice, Gender, and the Family 80. Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women Key Terms Suggestions for Further Reading VIII. What Is the Meaning of Life? Introduction 81. Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism 82. Epictetus: Stoicism: Enchiridion 83. Albert Camus: Life Is Absurd 84. Julian Baggini: Living Life Forwards 85. John Messerly: The Ascent of Meaning 86.
Thomas Nagel: The Absurd 87. Richard Taylor: The Meaning of Life 88. Susan Wolf: Meaning in Life Suggestions for Further Reading IX. Contemporary Moral Problems Introduction IX.A. Is Abortion Morally Permissible? Contra 89. Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral 90. Francis J.
Beckwith: Arguments from Bodily Rights Pro 91. Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion 92. Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion Pro et Contra 93. Jane English: The Moderate Position: Beyond the Personhood Argument IX.B. Free Speech and Hate Speech 94. Sigal R. Ben-Porath: Free Speech on Campus 95.
Erwin Chemerinsky and Howard Gillman: Hate Speech IX.C. Who Is a Racist? 96. Lawrence Blum: "Racism": Its Core Meaning 97. Kwame Anthony Appiah: Racisms IX.D. The Ethics of Climate Change 98. Stephen M.
Gardiner: A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change 99. John Broome: The Public and Private Morality of Climate Change Suggestions for Further Reading Appendix: The Truth about Philosophy Majors How to Read and Write Philosophy Papers Glossary.