List of illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction Part I: Deforestation and Unsustainable Development 1. Central America: Ecological and Socio-economic Characteristics Deforestation and Environmental Degradation 2. Causes of Deforestation: The Processes and Players Involved Deforestation and Agro-export Development Agrarian Frontier Colonization The Cattle Boom Logging The Expansion of Export Crops Infrastructural Development Fuelwood and Urbanization 3. Structural and Policy Determinants of Deforestation Agrarian Structure and Land Tenure Government Policy and Legislation Deforestation in the 1980s and 1990s: War, Agrarian Reform, Recession and Adjustment Part II: The Breakdown of Traditional Resource Management Systems Overview 4. Deforestation and Indian Populations Central America's Indian Population State Policy and Indian Rights Encroachment in Tropical Rainforest Areas Indians, Graziers and Colonization in Costa Rica Indians and Logging Companies in Nicaragua 5. Deforestation and Livelihood in Guatemala's Western Highlands The land Tenure System and the Demise of Communal Protection Mechanisms The Crisis of Petty Commodity Production and Subsistence Provisioning 6. Deforestation and Shifting Peasant Agriculture Deforestation and Land Colonization in Panama Migratory Agriculture in Nicaragua Part III Forest Protection and Tree Planting Initiatives Overview 7. The Conservationist Approach: National Parks and Reserves Protected Area Schemes 8.

Protected Area Schemes and Social Conflict in Costa Rica Two Case Studies: The Carara Biological Reserve and the Osa Peninsula 9. The Project Approach: Reforestation, Sustainable Logging, Agroforestry and Social Forestry Schemes Reforestation Sustainable Forest Management Agroforestry and Social Forestry Schemes 10. Programme and Project Implementation: Concrete Experiences from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras Community Nurseries Programme in El Salvador Reforestation and Agroforestry Projects in Totonicapin, Guatemala The Honduran Social Forestry System 11. Alternative Approaches: Revolutionary Change and Grassroots Mobilization Radical Structural Change: Agrarian Reform and Human Resettlement in Rio San Juan, Nicaragua Grassroots Mobilization Deforestation and Forest Protection in Huehuetenango, Guatemala 12. Social and Political Dimensions of Forest Protection Social and Political Economy Concerns External Interventions Social Forces and Local Level Structures Grassroots Organization and Mobilization Annex 1 Case Studies, Theme Papers and Researchers Notes Abbreviations and Acronyms Bibliography Index.