INTRODUCTION Historical Overview Chemical Warfare Agents Toxic Industrial Compounds CWA and TIC Detection CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND TOXIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties Toxic Properties Common CWAs Nerve Agents, Blister Agents, Blood Agents Toxic Industrial Compounds GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS CWA Detection Standards and Criteria for Deployment Joint Services Operational Requirements for Chemical Agent Detectors Objective and Approaches at Dugway Proving Ground JCAD Requirements for Detection and Identification Functions General Capabilities Necessary to Mitigate Vulnerability Evaluation of Commercially Available Detection Devices for Certification as CWA Detectors Safety Risk Assessment for Release of Tested, Contractor-Owned Materials to Contractor VAPOR GENERATION TECHNIQUES Gas Law and Gas Concentration Vapor Generation Methods Dilution and Mixing System Comparison of Generation Techniques Humidification of Generated Vapor Generation of CWA or TIC Vapor with Interferent Vapor CWA Simulants DETECTOR SELECTION FACTORS Selectivity Sensitivity Limit of Detection Response Dynamic Range Quantitative Analysis Capability False Alarm Rate Response Time Resistance to Environmental Conditions Setup and Warmup Time Calibration/Verification in Field Applications Other Factors ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY Principle of Operation Instrumentation of Typical IMS Detector Technique Specification Applications Fact Sheets for Selected IMS-Based Detectors FLAME PHOTOMETRY Principle of Operation Instrumentation Technical Specifications Pulsed Flame Photometry Applications Fact Sheets on Selected Photometry-Based Detectors INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Principle of Operation Instrumentation of Filter IR and Photoacoustic Detectors Fourier Transform Infrared Detectors Applications Fact Sheets for Selected IR-Based Detectors SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES Principle of Operation of SAW Devices Instrumentation Analysis Processes Technical Specifications Applications Electrochemical Sensors Fact Sheets for Selected SAW and/or Electrochemical Detectors COLORIMETRIC TECHNOLOGY Principle of Operation Instrumentation Applications Fact Sheets on Selected Colorimetric-Technique--Based Detectors PHOTOIONIZATION AND FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION TECHNIQUES Photoionization Technique Flame Ionization Technology Comparison of Photoionization, Flame Ionization, and Flame Photometric Techniques Applications FUTURE TRENDS IN CWA AND TIC DETECTION Material Safety Data Sheet Standing Operating Procedure Index of Chemical Agent Detectors and Supplies and Manufacturers Glossary and Abbreviations Bibliography Index CWA Detectors Safety Risk Assessment for Release of Tested, Contractor-Owned Materials to Contractor VAPOR GENERATION TECHNIQUES Gas Law and Gas Concentration Vapor Generation Methods Dilution and Mixing System Comparison of Generation Techniques Humidification of Generated Vapor Generation of CWA or TIC Vapor with Interferent Vapor CWA Simulants DETECTOR SELECTION FACTORS Selectivity Sensitivity Limit of Detection Response Dynamic Range Quantitative Analysis Capability False Alarm Rate Response Time Resistance to Environmental Conditions Setup and Warmup Time Calibration/Verification in Field Applications Other Factors ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY Principle of Operation Instrumentation of Typical IMS Detector Technique Specification Applications Fact Sheets for Selected IMS-Based Detectors FLAME PHOTOMETRY Principle of Operation Instrumentation Technical Specifications Pulsed Flame Photometry Applications Fact Sheets on Selected Photometry-Based Detectors INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Principle of Operation Instrumentation of Filter IR and Photoacoustic Detectors Fourier Transform Infrared Detectors Applications Fact Sheets for Selected IR-Based Detectors SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES Principle of Operation of SAW Devices Instrumentation Analysis Processes Technical Specifications Applications Electrochemical Sensors Fact Sheets for Selected SAW and/or Electrochemical Detectors COLORIMETRIC TECHNOLOGY Principle of Operation Instrumentation Applications Fact Sheets on Selected Colorimetric-Technique--Based Detectors PHOTOIONIZATION AND FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION TECHNIQUES Photoionization Technique Flame Ionization Technology Comparison of Photoionization, Flame Ionization, and Flame Photometric Techniques Applications FUTURE TRENDS IN CWA AND TIC DETECTION Material Safety Data Sheet Standing Operating Procedure Index of Chemical Agent Detectors and Supplies and Manufacturers Glossary and Abbreviations Bibliography Index SPECTROMETRY Principle of Operation Instrumentation of Typical IMS Detector Technique Specification Applications Fact Sheets for Selected IMS-Based Detectors FLAME PHOTOMETRY Principle of Operation Instrumentation Technical Specifications Pulsed Flame Photometry Applications Fact Sheets on Selected Photometry-Based Detectors INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Principle of Operation Instrumentation of Filter IR and Photoacoustic Detectors Fourier Transform Infrared Detectors Applications Fact Sheets for Selected IR-Based Detectors SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES Principle of Operation of SAW Devices Instrumentation Analysis Processes Technical Specifications Applications Electrochemical Sensors Fact Sheets for Selected SAW and/or Electrochemical Detectors COLORIMETRIC TECHNOLOGY Principle of Operation Instrumentation Applications Fact Sheets on Selected Colorimetric-Technique--Based Detectors PHOTOIONIZATION AND FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION TECHNIQUES Photoionization Technique Flame Ionization Technology Comparison of Photoionization, Flame Ionization, and Flame Photometric Techniques Applications FUTURE TRENDS IN CWA AND TIC DETECTION Material Safety Data Sheet Standing Operating Procedure Index of Chemical Agent Detectors and Supplies and Manufacturers Glossary and Abbreviations Bibliography Index ;lt;br>Electrochemical Sensors Fact Sheets for Selected SAW and/or Electrochemical Detectors COLORIMETRIC TECHNOLOGY Principle of Operation Instrumentation Applications Fact Sheets on Selected Colorimetric-Technique--Based Detectors PHOTOIONIZATION AND FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION TECHNIQUES Photoionization Technique Flame Ionization Technology Comparison of Photoionization, Flame Ionization, and Flame Photometric Techniques Applications FUTURE TRENDS IN CWA AND TIC DETECTION Material Safety Data Sheet Standing Operating Procedure Index of Chemical Agent Detectors and Supplies and Manufacturers Glossary and Abbreviations Bibliography Index.