Preface xix Section 1 The Multiple Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy Part 1 The Affective Conceptual and Practice Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 1 Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training: Obstacles to Developing Cultural Competence 5 Expections for the Course 6 Reflection and Discussion Questions 6 Reactions to the Course 7 By The Numbers 8 Emotional Self-Revelations and Fears: Majority Group Members 8 Emotional Invalidation Versus Affirmation: Marginalized Group Members 10 A Word of Caution 12 Reflection and Discussion Questions 13 Recognizing and Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training 13 Cognitive Resistance--Denial 14 Emotional Resistance 14 Did You Know? 15 Behavioral Resistance 17 Cultural Competence and Emotions 18 Implications for Clinical Practice 19 Summary 20 Glossary Terms 20 References 20 2 Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) 23 Race and Culture Matter 23 Reflection and Discussion Questions 25 Culture-Universal (ETIC) Versus Culture-Specific (EMIC) Formulations 25 Cultural Concepts of Distress 25 Acknowledging Group Differences 26 Being Aware of Collectivistic Cultures 26 Attuning to Cultural and Clinical Clues 26 Balancing the Culture-Specific and Culture-Universal Orientations 27 The Nature of Multicultural Counseling Competence 27 The Harm of Cultural Insensitivity 27 Good Counseling is Culturally Responsive Counseling 28 By The Numbers 28 Understanding The Three Dimensions of Identity 28 Individual Level: "All Individuals Are in Some Respects Like No Other Individuals" 29 Group Level: "All Individuals Are in Some Respects Like Some Other Individuals" 30 Universal Level: "All Individuals Are in Some Respects Like All Other Individuals" 30 Reflection and Discussion Questions 31 Individual and Universal Biases in Psychology and Mental Health 31 The Impact of Group Identities on Counseling and Psychotherapy 32 What is Multicultural Counseling and Therapy? 32 What is Cultural Competence? 33 Box 2.1: Multicultural Counseling Competencies 34 Did You Know? 35 Social Justice and Cultural Competence 36 Reflection and Discussion Questions 36 Implications for Clinical Practice 37 Summary 37 Glossary Terms 38 References 38 3 Cultural Perspectives and Barriers: The Individual Interplay of Cultural Experiences 41 Reflection and Discussion Questions 42 Characteristics of Conventional Counseling 42 Culture-Bound Values 44 Focus on the Individual 44 Verbal/Emotional/Behavioral Expressiveness 45 Insight 45 Self-Disclosure Openness and Intimacy 46 Styles of Communication 47 Did You Know? 48 Scientific Empiricism 49 Distinctions Between Mental and Physical Functioning 50 Patterns of Cultural Assumptions and Multicultural Family Counseling/Therapy 50 People-Nature Dimension 51 Time Dimension 52 Relational Dimension 53 Activity Dimension 53 Nature of People Dimension 54 Language Barriers 55 Class-Bound Values and Perspectives 56 By The Numbers 56 The Damaging Impact of Poverty 56 Therapeutic Class Bias 57 Overgeneralizing and Stereotyping 58 Implications for Clinical Practice 58 Summary 59 Glossary Terms 60 References 60 Part 2 Sociopolitical and Social Justice Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 4 Microaggressions: Implications for Counseling and Psychotherapy 67 Reflection and Discussion Questions 67 Reflection and Discussion Questions 68 Contemporary Forms of Oppression: Racism Sexism & Heterosexism 70 The Evolution of the "ISMS": Microaggressions 71 Microassault 71 Microinsult 71 Microinvalidation 72 By The Numbers 72 Reflection and Discussion Questions 72 The Dynamics and Dilemmas of Microaggressions 75 Dilemma 1: The Clash of Sociodemographic Realities 75 Dilemma 2: The Invisibility of Unintentional Expressions of Bias 76 Dilemma 3: The Perceived Minimal Harm of Microaggressions 76 Dilemma 4: The Catch-22 of Responding to Microaggressions 77 Did You Know? 77 Therapeutic Implications 77 Microinterventions: The New Therapeutic Frontier 80 Implications for Clinical Practice 82 Summary 82 Glossary Terms 83 References 83 5 Sociohistorical Privilege and Oppression: Implications for Counseling and Psychotherapy 86 An Open Letter to Brothers and Sisters of Color 86 Reflection and Discussion Questions 87 Mental Health Practice and the Reproduction of Oppression 87 Connecting the Dots Between Mental Health Practice and Social Justice: An Overview 89 The Danger of a Single Story: Ethnocentric Monoculturalism 91 Did You Know? 91 Understanding Ethnocentric Monoculturalism 92 Historical Manifestations of Ethnocentric Monoculturalism 94 Ethnocentric Monoculturalism Sociohistorical Oppression and Mental Health 95 Ethnocentric Monoculturalism and Foundational Psychotherapeutic Theory 96 Definitions of Mental Health 96 Connections to the Counseling and Mental Health Literature 98 Pathology and Persons of Color 98 By The Numbers 100 Ethnocentric Monoculturalism and Mental Health Practice: Psychotherapy as a Racial-Cultural Microcosm 100 Reflection and Discussion Questions 101 MCT as a Social Justice Approach to Mental Health Practice 102 Social Justice Advocacy and Cultural Humility 104 Implications for Clinical Practice 105 Summary 106 Glossary Terms 106 References 107 PART 3 Racial Ethnic Cultural (REC) Attitudes in Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 6 Racial Ethnic Cultural (REC) Identity Attitudes in People of Color: Counseling Implications 113 Case Study: Alejandro: Afro-Puerto 113 Racial Awakening 114 Just American to Puerto Rican/Afro-Latino 114 Denial Breakdown 114 The Internal Struggle for Identity 114 Locus of the Problem 115 REC Identity Attitude Models 115 Did You Know? 115 William E. Cross'' Nigrescence Model: Foundational Theory 115 A General Model of Rec Identity 117 Conformity Status 118 Dissonance Status 119 Resistance and Immersion Status 120 Introspection Status 121 Integrative Awareness Status 123 Counseling Implications of the R/CID Model 123 Conformity Status 124 Dissonance Status 125 By The Numbers 125 Resistance and Immersion Status 125 Introspection Status 126 Integrative Awareness Status 126 Value of a General Rec Identity Framework 126 Reflection and Discussion Questions 127 Implications for Clinical Practice 127 Summary 128 Glossary Terms 128 References 128 7 White Racial Consciousness: Implications for Counseling and Psychotherapy 130 Whiteness and Multicultural Counseling 130 Reflection and Discussion Questions 131 Steps Toward an Understanding of Whiteness and White Identity 132 Did You Know 133 Models of White Racial Identity Development 135 The Hardiman White Racial Identity Development Model 135 The Helms White Racial Identity Development Model 136 A Descriptive Model of White Identity: Seven Positions 137 By The Numbers 139 An Antiracist White Identity 141 White Antiracist Identifications 142 Principles of Prejudice Reduction 143 Principle 1: Learn About People of Color From Sources Within the Group 143 Principle 2: Learn From the Examples of Healthy and Strong People of the Culture 144 Principle 3: Learn From Experiential Reality 144 Principle 4: Learn From Constant Vigilance of Your Biases and Fears 144 Principle 5: Learn From Being Committed to Personal Action Against Racism 144 Reflection and Discussion Questions 145 Implications for Clinical Practice 145 Summary 146 Glossary Terms 146 References 146 8 Multicultural Counseling Competence and Cultural Humility for People of Color Counselors and Therapists 149 Interracial And Interethnic Biases 150 Impact On Interracial Counseling Relationships 150 Racial Stereotypes Held by People of Color 150 The Who-Is-More-Oppressed Game 151 Interracial and Interethnic Counseling 151 By The Numbers 152 Reflection and Discussion Questions 152 The Politics of Interracial and Interethnic Bias and Discrimination 153 The Political Relationships Between Groups of Color 154 African Americans and Asian Americans 154 Asian Americans and Latinx Americans 155 Latinx Americans and African Americans 155 American Indians and Black Latinx and Asian Americans 156 Reflection and Discussion Questions 156 Within Group Differences Among Racial/Ethnic Groups 157 Cultural Values 157 Communication Styles 157 Issues Regarding Stage of Ethnic Identity 158 Did You Know? 158 Counselors of Color and Dyadic Combinations 158 Challenges Associated with Counselor of Color and White Client Dyads 159 Situation 1: Challenging the Competency of Counselors of Color 159 Situation 2: Needing to Prove Competence 159 Situation 3: Tra.
Counseling the Culturally Diverse : Theory and Practice