Preface xiii Chapter One: Taking Responsibility to Address Bias and Discrimination 1 The Failure to Act 5 The Relationship between Macroaggressions and Microaggressions 7 How Macroaggressions Differ from Microaggressions 9 Macroassaults in Institutional Policies and Practices 11 Macroaggressions as Systemic Racism 12 Macroaggressions in Standard Operating Procedures 15 The Need to Take Action: People of Color, White Allies, and Bystanders 17 Targets 17 White Allies 18 Bystanders 20 Chapter Two: What Are Microinterventions? 23 Distinguishing Microinterventions from Macrointerventions 24 Three Forms of Microinterventions: Strategies and Tactics 29 Microaffirmations 30 Microprotections 33 Microchallenges 38 Chapter Three: Psychological Benefits of Microinterventions vs. the Psychological Costs of Inaction 43 Active Anti-racist Interventions: Benefits and Costs 46 For Targets 49 For Significant Others 49 For White Allies 50 For Bystanders 50 Prosocial Norms and Contexts 52 Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites: Perpetrator Constriction vs. Liberation 54 Cognitive Costs to Perpetrators 56 Affective Costs to Perpetrators 56 Behavioral Costs to Perpetrators 57 Spiritual and Moral Cost to Perpetrators 57 Perpetrator Liberation and Benefits 58 Chapter Four: Barriers to Combatting Micro- and Macroaggressions 59 Being Oblivious, Innocent, and Naïve 63 Minimizing the Harm 65 Maintaining Harmony and Avoiding Conflict 67 Fearing Repercussions 67 Isolation 68 Loss of Position and Power 69 Attacks on Character 69 Psychological Stress and Burnout 70 Violent Threats and Physical Harm 71 Being Paralyzed and Feeling Impotent 72 Chapter Five: Overcoming Silence, Inaction and Complicity 73 Learn to Recognize and Decode Hidden Expressions of Bias 74 Become Aware of the Toxicity and Harmful Impact of Micro/Macroaggressions 76 Create Norms that Counter Conflict Avoidance and Enhance Racial Dialogues 79 Appeal to Moral Values 82 Undertake Antibias Training 82 Create Fair and Just Societal and Organizational Policies and Practices 82 Raising Race-Conscious Children 83 Seek Social Support and Allies 84 Obtain Skills and Tactics to Respond to Macroaggressions 88 Chapter Six: Microintervention Strategy and Tactics to Make the "Invisible" Visible 91 Challenging Microaggressions 92 Strategic Goal: Make Microaggressions Visible 93 Tactic # 1 - Develop Perspicacity 93 Tactic # 2 - Disempower the Innuendo by "Naming" It 96 Tactic # 3 - Undermine the Meta-communication 96 Tactic # 4 - Challenge the Stereotype 96 Tactic # 5 - Broaden the Ascribed Trait to a Universal Human Behavior 97 Tactic # 6 - Ask for Clarification of a Statement or Action 97 Tactic # 7 - Make the Meta-communication Explicit by Restating/Rephrasing the Statement or Action 98 Tactic # 8 - Reverse, Redirect or Mimic the Statements or Actions of the Offender as If It Was Meant for the Perpetrator 98 Challenging Macroaggressions 99 Strategic Goal: Make Macroaggressions Visible 100 Tactic # 1 - Monitor and Document 101 Tactic # 2 - Encourage Implementing Systems of Evaluation and Accountability 102 Tactic # 3 - Leverage Personal Power and Privileged Identities 104 Chapter Seven: Microintervention Strategy and Tactics to Educate Perpetrators and Stakeholders 107 Strategic Goal: Educate Perpetrators 108 Tactic # 1 - Help Microaggressors Differentiate between Good Intent and Harmful Impact 108 Tactic # 2 - Contradict the Group-Based Stereotype with Opposing Evidence by Personalizing It to Specific Individuals 111 Tactic # 3 - Appeal to the Offender''s Values and Principles 111 Tactic # 4 - Point Out the Commonalities 112 Tactic # 5 - Promote Empathy 113 Tactic # 6 - Point Out How They Benefit 113 Strategic Goal: Challenging Macroaggressions through Education 114 Tactic # 1 - Raise Critical Thinking 116 Tactic # 2 - Support Antibias Education and Training 117 Tactic # 3 - Highlight the Benefits of Diversity and Equity 122 Chapter Eight: Microintervention Strategy and Tactics to Disarm Microaggressions and Macroaggressions 125 Strategic Goal: Disarm Microaggressions 129 Tactic # 1 - Interrupt the Communication and Redirect It 129 Tactic # 2 - State Values and Set Limits 130 Tactic # 3 - Express Disagreement 130 Tactic # 4 - Describe What Is Happening 131 Tactic # 5 - Nonverbal Communication 131 Tactic # 6 - Use an Exclamatory Short Expression 131 Tactic # 7 - Remind Them of the Rules 132 Challenging Macroaggressions 132 Nonviolent and Violent Actions 133 Strategic Goal: Disarming Macroaggressions 134 Chapter Nine: Microintervention Strategy and Tactics for Using External Support and Alliances 151 Strategic Goal: Seeking External Support/Validation in Fighting Microaggressions 152 Tactic # 1 - Alert Leadership 155 Tactic # 2 - Report Incident 155 Tactic # 3 - Seek Therapy/Counseling 156 Tactic # 4 - Seek Spirituality/Religion/Community Support 156 Tactic # 5 - Establish a Buddy System 157 Tactic # 6 - Establish or Join a Support Group 158 Microintervention Cautions 158 Strategic Goal: Seeking External Support in Fighting Macroaggressions 159 Tactic # 1 - Call on the Support of Human Rights Organizations 160 Tactic # 2 - Initiate Governmental Action 162 Tactic # 4 - Seek Community Support 165 Chapter Ten: Microinterventions 169 Prime Time for Developing Minds 170 Talking Race to Children 171 Microintervention Implications for Caretakers and Educators 173 Make the Invisible Visible 174 Educate Stakeholders 176 Disarm the Micro/Macroaggression 178 Seek External Support 180 Implications for Future Study 181 Conclusions 184 References 191 Name Index 213 Subject Index 221.