Preface About the Authors Section One: The Multiple Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy Part I: The Affective and Conceptual Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling/Therapy Chapter 1: Obstacles to Developing Cultural Competence & Cultural Humility: Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training Chapter Objectives Reactions to Reading Counseling the Culturally Diverse Emotional Self-Revelation and Fears: Majority Group Members Emotional Invalidation versus Affirmation: For Marginalized Group Members Recognizing and Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training Cultural Competence and Emotions Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 2: Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Chapter Objectives Culture Universal (Etic) vs. Culture Specific (Emic) Formulations The Nature of Multicultural Counseling Competence A Tripartite Framework for Understanding the Multiple Dimensions of Identity Individual and Universal Biases in Psychology and Mental Health The Impact of Group Identities on Counseling and Psychotherapy What Is Multicultural Counseling and Therapy? What Is Cultural Competence? Social Justice and Cultural Competence Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 3: Multicultural Counseling Competence for Counselors and Therapists of Marginalized Groups Chapter Objectives Interracial and Interethnic Biases Impact on Interracial Counseling Relationships Stereotypes Held by Socially Marginalized Group Members The Who-is-More Oppressed Game Counselors from Marginalized Groups Working with Majority and Other Marginalized Group Clients The Politics of Interethnic and Interracial Bias and Discrimination The Historical and Political Relationships between Groups of Color Differences between Racial/Ethnic Groups Counselors of Color and Dyadic Combinations Situation 4: Viewing the Counselor of Color as a Super Minority Counselor Situation 5: Dealing with Client Expressions of Racism Situation 3: Experiencing Clashes in Communication and Counseling Styles Situation 4: Receiving and Expressing Racial Animosity Situation 5: Dealing with the Racial Identity Status of Counselors and Clients Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Part II: The Impact and Social Justice Implications of Counseling and Psychotherapy Chapter 4: The Political and Social Justice Implications of Counseling and Psychotherapy Chapter Objectives The Mental Health Impact of Sociopolitical Oppression Sociopolitical Oppression and the Training of Counseling/Mental Health Professionals The Education and Training of Mental Health Professionals Definitions of Mental Health Curriculum and Training Deficiencies Counseling and Mental Health Literature The Need to Treat Social Problems--Social Justice Counseling Principle 1: A Failure to Develop a Balanced Perspective between Person and System Focus Can Result in False Attribution of the Problem. Principle 2: A Failure to Develop a Balanced Perspective between Person and System Focus Can Result in an Ineffective and Inaccurate Treatment Plan Potentially Harmful to the Client. Principle 3: When the Client Is an Organization or a Larger System and Not an Individual, a Major Paradigm Shift Is Required to Attain a True Understanding of Problem and Solution Identification. Principle 4: Organizations Are Microcosms of the Wider Society from Which They Originate. As a Result, They Are Likely to Be Reflections of the Monocultural Values and Practices of the Larger Culture. Principle 5: Organizations Are Powerful Entities That Inevitably Resist Change and Possess Many Ways to Force Compliance among Workers. Going against the Policies, Practices, and Procedures of the Institution, for Example, Can Bring about Major Punitive Actions.

Principle 6: When Multicultural Organizational Development Is Required, Alternative Helping Roles that Emphasize Systems Intervention and Advocacy Skills Must Be Part of the Repertoire of the Mental Health Professional. Principle 7: Although Remediation Will Always Be Needed, Prevention Is Better. Social Justice Counseling Advocacy for Organizational Change Social Justice Advocacy and Cultural Humility Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 5: The Impact of Systemic Oppression within the Counseling Process Chapter Objectives Counseling Practice as a Racial-Cultural Microcosm Effects of Historical and Current Oppression Formation of Individual and Systemic Worldviews Formation of Worldviews Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 6: Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy By Christina M. Capodilupo Chapter Objectives Contemporary Forms of Oppression The Evolution of the "Isms:" Microaggressions The Dynamics and Dilemmas of Microaggressions Therapeutic Implications Manifestation of Microaggressions in Counseling/Therapy The Path Forward Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Part III: The Practice Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling/Therapy Chapter 7: Multicultural Barriers and the Helping Professional: The Individual Interplay of Cultural Perspectives Chapter Objectives Standard Characteristics of Mainstream Counseling Culture-Bound Values Class-Bound Values Language Barriers Patterns of "American" Cultural Assumptions and Multicultural Family Counseling/Therapy Overgeneralizing and Stereotyping Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 8: Communication Style and its Impact on Counseling and Psychotherapy Chapter Objectives Communication Styles Sociopolitical Facets of Nonverbal Communication Counseling and Therapy as Communication Style Implications for Multicultural Counseling/Therapy Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 9: Multicultural Evidence-Based Practice Chapter Objectives Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) and Multiculturalism Empirically Supported Treatment (EST) Implications Empirically Supported Relationships (ESRs) The Therapeutic Alliance Emotional or Interpersonal Bond Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) and Diversity Issues in Counseling Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 10: Non-Western Indigenous Methods of Healing: Implications for Counseling and Therapy Chapter Objectives Worldviews and Cultural Syndromes The Shaman and Traditional Healer as Therapist: Commonalities The Principles of Indigenous Healing Examples of Indigenous Healing Approaches Dangers and Benefits of Spirituality Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Part IV: Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Attitudes in Multicultural Counseling and Therapy Chapter 11: Racial, Ethnic, Cultural (REC) Identity Attitudes in People of Color: Counseling Implications Chapter Objectives Racial, Ethnic, Cultural (REC) Identity Attitude Models Foundational REC Models A General Model of REC Identity Counseling Implications of the R/CID Model Value of a General REC Identity Framework Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 12: White Racial Identity Development: Counseling Implications Chapter Objectives Understanding the Dynamics of Whiteness Models of White Racial Identity Development The Process of White Racial Identity Development: A Descriptive Model White Antiracist Identifications Principles of Prejudice Reduction Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Section Two: Multicultural Counseling and Specific Populations Part V: Understanding Specific Populations Chapter 13: Culturally Responsive Assessment* *We are grateful for the help of Diane M. Sue in the development of this chapter. Chapter Objectives Therapist Variables Affecting Diagnosis Cultural Competence and Preventing Diagnostic Errors Infusing Cultural Relevance into Standard Clinical Assessments Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Part VI: Counseling and Therapy with Racial/Ethnic Minority Group Populations Chapter 14: Counseling African Americans Chapter Objectives Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 15: Counseling American Indians/Native Americans and Alaska Natives Chapter Objectives Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 16: Counseling Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Chapter Objectives Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges Implications for Clinical Practice Summary References Chapter 17: Counseling Latinx Individual.