Preface About the Authors Section One the Multiple Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy Part I: The Affective and Conceptual Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy Chapter 1 Obstacles to Cultural Competence: Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training Emotional Self-Revelations and Fears: Majority Group Members Emotional Invalidation versus Affirmation: For Marginalized Group Members A Word of Caution Recognizing and Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training: For Trainees and Trainers Cognitive Resistance--Denial Emotional Resistance Behavioral Resistance Conclusions Summary References Chapter 2 The Superordinate Nature of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy Culture Universal (Etic) versus Culture Specific (Emic) Formulations The Nature of Multicultural Counseling Competence A Tripartite Framework for Understanding the Multiple Dimensions of Identity Individual and Universal Biases in Psychology and Mental Health The Impact of Group Identities on Counseling and Psychotherapy What Is Multicultural Counseling/Therapy? What Is Cultural Competence? Cultural Humility and Cultural Competence Social Justice and Cultural Competence Summary References Chapter 3 Multicultural Counseling Competence for Counselors and Therapists of Marginalized Groups Counselors from Marginalized Groups Working with Majority and Other Marginalized Group Clients The Politics of Interethnic and Interracial Bias and Discrimination The Historical and Political Relationships between Groups of Color Differences between Racial/Ethnic Groups Counselors of Color and Dyadic Combinations Summary References Part II The Political Dimensions of Mental Health Practice Chapter 4 The Political and Social Justice Implications of Counseling and Psychotherapy The Education and Training of Mental Health Professionals Definitions of Mental Health Counseling and Mental Health Literature Need to Treat Social Problems--Social Justice Counseling The Foci of Therapeutic Interventions: Individual, Professional, Organizational and Societal Social Justice Counseling Summary References Chapter 5 Impact of Systemic Oppression Therapist Credibility and Client Worldviews The Rest of the Story Therapist Credibility and Attractiveness Formation of Individual and Systemic Worldviews Formation of Worldviews Summary References Chapter 6 Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy Contemporary Forms of Oppression Evolution of the "Isms": Microaggressions The Dynamics and Dilemmas of Microaggressions Therapeutic Implications Summary Part III The Practice Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling/Therapy Chapter 7 Barriers to Multicultural Counseling and Therapy: Individual and Family Perspectives Identifying Multicultural Therapeutic Issues Generic Characteristics of Counseling/Therapy Culture-Bound Values Class-Bound Values Language Barriers Patterns of "American" Cultural Assumptions and Multicultural Family Counseling/Therapy Conclusions Summary References Chapter 8 Culturally Appropriate Intervention Skills and Strategies Cultural Expression of Mental Disorders Communication Styles Sociopolitical Facets of Nonverbal Communication Counseling and Therapy as Communication Style Summary References Chapter 9 Multicultural Evidence-Based Practice Evidence-Based Practice and Multiculturalism Evidence-Based Practice and Diversity Issues in Therapy Summary References Chapter 10 Non-Western Indigenous Methods of Healing: Implications for Multicultural Counseling and Therapy Legitimacy of Culture-Bound Syndromes: Nightmare Deaths and the Hmong Sudden Death Phenomenon The Principles of Indigenous Healing Conclusion Summary References Part IV Racial/Cultural Identity Development in Multicultural Counseling and Therapy Chapter 11 Racial/Cultural Identity Development in People of Color: Therapeutic Implications Racial Awakening Racial/Cultural Identity Development Models A Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model Therapeutic Implications of the R/ CID Model Conclusions Summary References Chapter 12 White Racial Identity Development: Therapeutic Implications What Does It Mean to Be White? The Invisible Whiteness of Being Understanding the Dynamics of Whiteness Models of White Racial Identity Development The Process of White Racial Identity Development: A Descriptive Model Developing a Nonracist and Antiracist White Identity Summary Section Two Multicultural Counseling and Specific Populations Part V Understanding Specific Populations Chapter 13 Culturally Competent Assessment Therapist Variables Affecting Diagnosis Cultural Competence and Preventing Diagnostic Errors Contextual and Collaborative Assessment Infusing Cultural Competence into Standard Clinical Assessments References Part VI Counseling and Therapy with Racial/Ethnic Minority Group Populations Chapter 14 Counseling African Americans Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges References Chapter 15 Counseling American Indians and Alaska Natives Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges Alcohol and Substance Abuse References Chapter 16 Counseling Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges References Chapter 17 Counseling Latinos Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges References Chapter 18 Counseling Individuals of Multiracial Descent Multiracialism in the United States Specific Challenges A Multiracial Bill of Rights Multiracial Strengths References Part VII Counseling and Special Circumstances Involving Racial/Ethnic Populations Chapter 19 Counseling Arab and Muslim Americans Arab Americans Muslim Americans Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges References Chapter 20 Counseling Jewish Americans Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges References Chapter 21 Counseling Immigrants and Refugees Challenges and Strengths Counseling Refugees References Part VIII Counseling and Therapy with Other Multicultural Populations Chapter 22 Counseling LGBT Individuals Understanding Sexual Minorities Specific Challenges References Chapter 23 Counseling Older Adult Clients Characteristics and Strengths Specific Challenges of Older Adults References Chapter 24 Counseling Women Specific Challenges Embracing Gender Strengths References Chapter 25 Counseling and Poverty Demographics: Who Are the Poor? Strengths of People Living in Poverty Suggested Guidelines for Counselors References Chapter 26 Counseling Persons with Disabilities Understanding Disabilities The Americans with Disabilities Act Specific Challenges Supports for Individuals with Disabilities Counseling Issues with Individuals with Disabilities References Author Index Subject Index.