Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix SECTION ONE: THE CHARACTERISTICS, DYNAMICS, AND MEANING OF RACE TALK CHAPTER ONE What Is Race Talk? 3 Race Talk Represents a Potential Clash of Racial Realities 7 Race Talk Pushes Emotional Hot Buttons 11 Race Talk Evokes Avoidance Strategies 13 Why Is Successful Race Talk Important? 16 CHAPTER TWO The Characteristics and Dynamics of Race Talk 18 What Are Characteristics of Race Talk? 21 How Do Societal Ground Rules (Norms) Impede Race Talk? 23 Why Is Race Talk So Difficult and Uncomfortable for Participants? 27 Conclusions 33 CHAPTER THREE The Stories We Tell: White Talk Versus Back Talk 35 Race Talk: Narratives and Counter-Narratives 37 Telling on Racism: Unmasking Ugly Secrets 38 SECTION TWO: THE CONSTRAINING GROUND RULES FOR RACE TALK CHAPTER FOUR "The Entire World's a Stage!" 55 The Politeness Protocol and Race Talk 57 The Academic Protocol and Race Talk 64 CHAPTER FIVE Color-Blind Means Color-Mute 74 Color-Evasion: "We Are All the Same Under the Skin" 78 Stereotype-Evasion: "I Don't Believe in Those Stereotypes" 82 Power-Evasion: "Everyone Can Make It in Society, If They Work Hard Enough" 86 Myth of the Melting Pot 89 SECTION THREE: WHY IS IT DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE OF COLOR TO HONESTLY TALK ABOUT RACE? CHAPTER SIX "What Are the Consequences for Saying What I Mean?" 95 Ethnocentric Monoculturalism 99 Power and Oppression 105 CHAPTER SEVEN "To Speak or How to Speak, That Is the Question" 112 Communication Styles 115 Nonverbal Communication 118 Nonverbal Communication in Race Talk: Sociopolitical Considerations 121 Being Constrained and Silenced: Impact on People of Color 123 Conclusions 127 SECTION FOUR: WHY IS IT DIFFICULT FOR WHITE PEOPLE TO HONESTLY TALK ABOUT RACE? CHAPTER EIGHT "I'm Not Racist!" 131 Cognitive Avoidance--Racism Denial 133 Emotional Avoidance--Fear, Guilt, and Other Feelings 138 Behavioral Avoidance--Helplessness and Hopelessness 142 Emotional Roadblocks to Race Talk 144 CHAPTER NINE "I'm Not White; I'm Italian!" 147 What Does It Mean to Be White? 148 The Invisibility of Whiteness: What Does It Mean? 152 The Fear of Owning White Privilege 154 Fear of Taking Personal Responsibility to End Racism: Moving From Being Nonracist to Becoming Antiracist 159 SECTION FIVE: RACE TALK AND SPECIAL GROUP CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER TEN Interracial/Interethnic Race Talk: Difficult Dialogues Between Groups of Color 167 Interracial/Interethnic Relationship Issues 169 Race Talk: Fears of Divide and Conquer 171 Sources of Conflict Between People of Color 174 CHAPTER ELEVEN Race Talk and White Racial Identity Development: For Whites Only 186 Developing a Nonracist and Antiracist Racial Identity 189 White Racial Identity Development and Race Talk 202 SECTION SIX: GUIDELINES, CONDITIONS, AND SOLUTIONS FOR HAVING HONEST RACIAL DIALOGUES CHAPTER TWELVE Being an Agent of Change: Guidelines for Educators, Parents, and Trainers 209 Talking to Children About Race and Racism 213 Guidelines for Taking Personal Responsibility for Change 214 CHAPTER THIRTEEN Helping People Talk About Race: Facilitation Skills for Educators and Trainers 226 Ineffective Strategies: Five Things Not to Do 230 Successful Strategies: Eleven Potentially Positive Actions 234 References 245 Author Index 261 Subject Index 267.