Contents Preface.xv About the Author.xvii Chapter 1 The Petrochemical Industry.1 1.1 Introduction.1 1.2 Historical Aspects and Overview. 10 1.
3 The Petrochemical Industry. 11 1.4 Petrochemicals. 17 1.4.1 Primary Petrochemicals. 19 1.4.
2 Products and End Use. 19 1.5 Production of Petrochemicals.20 1.6 The Future.24 References.29 Chapter 2 Feedstock Composition and Properties. 31 2.
1 Introduction. 31 2.2 Natural Gas. 31 2.2.1 Composition and Properties. 33 2.2.
2 Natural Gas Liquids. 42 2.2.3 Gas Condensate. 43 2.2.4 Gas Hydrates.44 2.
2.5 Other Types of Gases.46 2.2.5.1 Biogas. 47 2.2.
5.2 Coalbed Methane.48 2.2.5.3 Coal Gas.49 2.2.
5.4 Geopressurized Gas. 51 2.2.5.5 Landfill Gas. 51 2.2.
5.6 Refinery Gas. 53 2.2.5.7 Synthesis Gas. 57 2.2.
5.8 Tight Gas. 58 2.3 Petroleum. 59 2.3.1 Composition and Properties. 59 2.
3.1.1 Opportunity Crude Oil. 61 2.3.1.2 High Acid Crude Oil. 61 2.
3.1.3 Foamy Oil. 62 2.3.1.4 Tight Oil. 62 2.
3.2 Other Petroleum-Derived Feedstocks.63 2.3.2.1 Naphtha.63 2.3.
2.2 Kerosene.64 2.3.2.3 Fuel Oil.65 2.3.
2.4 Gas Oil. 67 2.3.2.5 Residua. 67 2.3.
2.6 Used Lubricating Oil.68 2.4 Heavy Oil, Extra Heavy Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen.68 2.4.1 Heavy Oil.69 2.
4.2 Extra Heavy Oil.69 2.4.3 Tar sand Bitumen. 71 References. 74 Chapter 3 Other Feedstocks--Coal, Oil Shale, and Biomass. 79 3.
1 Introduction. 79 3.2 Coal. 81 3.2.1 Coal Feedstocks.82 3.2.
2 Properties and Composition.83 3.2.3 Conversion.83 3.2.4 Coal Tar Chemicals.85 3.
3 Oil Shale.90 3.3.1 Shale Oil Production.90 3.3.2 Shale Oil Properties. 91 3.
3.2.1 Hydrocarbon Products.92 3.3.2.2 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds.93 3.
3.2.3 Oxygen-Containing Compounds.94 3.3.2.4 Sulfur-Containing Compounds.94 3.
4 Biomass.94 3.4.1 Biomass Feedstocks.97 3.4.1.1 Carbohydrates.
99 3.4.1.2 Vegetable Oils.99 3.4.1.3 Plant Fibers.
99 3.4.2 Biorefining. 100 3.4.2.1 Pyrolysis. 103 3.
4.2.2 Gasification. 103 3.4.2.3 Anaerobic Digestion. 107 3.
4.2.4 Fermentation. 110 3.4.3 Chemicals from Biomass. 111 3.4.
3.1 Gaseous Products. 111 3.4.3.2 Liquid Products. 112 3.4.
3.3 Solid Products. 114 3.5 Waste. 114 References. 115 Chapter 4 Feedstock Preparation. 119 4.1 Introduction.
119 4.2 Gas Streams. 120 4.2.1 Sources. 121 4.2.1.
1 Gas Streams from Natural Gas. 121 4.2.1.2 Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gas. 123 4.2.1.
3 Gas Streams from Crude Oil.124 4.2.2 Gas Processing. 127 4.2.2.1 Acid Gas Removal.
128 4.2.2.2 Recovery of Condensable Hydrocarbon Derivatives. 137 4.2.2.3 Water Removal.
142 4.2.2.4 Nitrogen Removal. 145 4.2.2.5 The Claus Process.
145 4.3 Petroleum Streams.