Preface xvii Part I: Origin and Properties 1 1 History, Occurrence, and Resources 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Origin of Coal 8 1.3 Occurrence 12 1.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types 14 1.5 Resources 22 1.6 Reserves 26 1.7 Energy Independence 31 References 33 2 Classification 37 2.

1 Introduction 37 2.2 Nomenclature of Coal 39 2.3 Classification Systems 43 2.4 Coal Petrography 59 2.5 Correlation of the Various Systems 62 References 65 3 Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Coal Recovery 69 3.3 Coal Preparation 78 3.

4 Size Reduction 87 3.5 Coal Cleaning 92 3.6 Coal Drying 98 3.7 Desulfurization 104 3.8 Transportation 105 References 109 4 Storage 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Stockpiling 115 4.4 Spontaneous Ignition 124 4.

5 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition 134 4.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition 137 References 138 5 General Properties 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Sampling 149 5.3 Proximate Analysis 154 5.4 Ultimate Analysis 167 5.5 Calorific Value 174 5.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 176 References 180 6 Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties 187 6.

1 Introduction 187 6.2 Physical Properties 190 6.3 Mechanical Properties 200 6.4 Thermal Properties 207 6.5 Electrical Properties 214 6.6 Epilog 217 References 217 Part II: Power Generation 223 7 Combustion 225 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 General Aspects 230 7.

3 Chemistry and Physics 232 7.4 Catalytic Combustion 249 7.5 Fuels 249 References 269 8 Combustion Systems 275 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 Combustion Systems 278 8.3 Fuel Feeders 303 References 304 9 Gasification 307 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 General Aspects 309 9.

3 Chemistry and Physics 325 9.4 Catalytic Gasification 334 9.5 Plasma Gasification 335 9.6 Gaseous Products 336 9.7 Underground Gasification 341 References 344 10 Gasification Systems 349 10.1 Introduction 349 10.2 Gasifier Types 352 10.3 Fixed-Bed Processes 358 10.

4 Fluidized-Bed Processes 367 10.5 Entrained-Bed Processes 381 10.6 Molten Salt Processes 386 10.7 Other Designs 390 10.8 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility 396 10.8.7 Propensity for Char Formation 400 10.8.

8 Mineral Matter Content 400 10.8.9 Ash Yield 400 10.9 Energy Balance and Other Design Options 401 10.10 Underground Gasification 402 References 406 11 Electric Power Generation 409 11.1 Introduction 409 11.2 Electricity From Coal 412 11.3 Steam Generation 415 11.

4 Control of Emissions 425 11.5 Power Plant Efficiency 428 11.6 Combined Cycle Generation 432 References 435 12 Gas Cleaning 437 12.1 Introduction 437 12.2 General Aspects 437 12.3 Air Pollution Control Devices 445 12.4 Particulate Matter Removal 449 12.5 Acid Gas Removal 458 12.

6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases 462 12.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases 465 12.8 Environmental Legislation 467 References 469 13 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 473 13.1 Introduction 473 13.2 Historical Perspectives 480 13.3 Modern Perspectives 481 13.4 Clean Coal Technology 483 13.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use 504 13.

6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 506 References 514 14 Environmental Issues 519 14.1 Introduction 519 14.2 Coal Preparation 521 14.3 Transportation and Storage 523 14.4 Combustion 525 14.5 Gasification 532 14.6 Power Plant Waste 536 14.7 The Future 553 References 556 Part III: Alternative Feedstocks and Energy Security 559 15 Alternate Feedstocks 561 15.

1 Introduction 561 15.2 Viscous Feedstocks 562 15.3 Biomass 575 15.4 Waste 605 References 610 16 Combustion of Alternate Feedstocks 613 16.1 Introduction 613 16.2 Viscous Feedstocks 615 16.3 Biomass 619 16.4 Solid Waste 632 References 638 17 Gasification of Alternate Feedstocks 641 17.

1 Introduction 641 17.2 Viscous Feedstocks 643 17.3 Biomass 651 17.4 Solid Waste 656 17.5 Process Products 667 References 673 18 Coal and Energy Security 679 18.1 Introduction 679 18.2 Energy Security 683 18.3 The Future of Coal 687 18.

4 Sustainable Development 694 References 701 Conversion Factors 705 Glossary 709 Index 753 About the Author 759.