Amplifier Basics Driving-Point and Transfer Functions Frequency Response Stability Criteria Operational Amplifier (Opamp) in Negative Feedback Phase Margin Transient Response Feedback Amplifier Feedback Effect Left-Half or Right-Half Plane Zero Stability of Feedback Amplifiers Amplifier Design Abstract Low-Frequency Model of Transistors Driving-Point Resistances at Low Frequencies Resistance Reflection Rules Three Basic Amplifier Configurations Nine Amplifier Combinations Differential Pair Gain Boosting Biasing Voltage and Current Sources Operational Amplifier (Opamp) Small-Signal Model of the Operational Amplifier Opamp Frequency Compensation Phase Margin of Two-Stage Miller-Compensated Opamps Right-Half Plane Zero Cancellation in Two-Stage Opamps Transient Response of Opamp in Feedback Opamp Design Examples Common-Mode Feedback Offset Cancellation Opamp Input Capacitance Opamp Offset Opamp Noise Opamp Common-Mode Rejection Data Converter Basics Analog-to-Digital Converter Basics Sample and Hold Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter Comparator ADC Testing Averaging and Interpolation Techniques Low-Voltage Circuit Techniques Digital-to-Analog Converter Basics Nyquist-Rate Data Converters Analog-to-Digital Converter Architectures Slope-Type ADC Successive Approximation Register ADC Subranging and Multistep ADC Pipelined ADC Folding ADC Other ADCs Stand-Alone DACs Oversampling Data Converters Concept of Quantizer in Feedback ΔΣ Modulator High-Order Architectures Discrete-Time (DT) versus Continuous-Time (CT) Modulators Discrete-Time Modulator Design Band-Pass Modulator Design Continuous-Time Modulator Design Interpolative Oversampling DAC High-Resolution Data Converters Nonlinearity of the Analog-to-Digital Converter Evolution of High-Resolution ADC Design Digital Calibration of ADC Digital Background Calibration Digital Processing for Gain Nonlinearity Calibration by Zero-Forcing Least-Mean-Square Feedback Calibration of Time-Interleaving ADC Calibrated Continuous-Time (CT) ΔΣ Modulators Calibration of Current-Steering DAC Phase-Locked Loop Basics Phase Noise Phase-Locked Loop Operation Phase Noise Transfer Function Phase Detector Charge-Pumped Phase-Locked Loop PLL Bandwidth Constraints High-Q LC VCO Low-Q Ring-Oscillator VCO Prescaler Frequency Synthesis and Clock Recovery Phase-Locked Loop Applications Digital PLL Frequency Synthesis Spur-Canceled Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer Data Symbols Data Channel Equalization Clock and Data Recovery NRZ Phase Detector.