Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xix About the Contributors xxi Preface xxiii Section One: The Foundation One Counseling Ethics and the Big Picture 3 Chapter Orientation 3 Defining the Terms 4 Ethics and Morals 4 Morality, Ethics, and Essence 5 The Role of Ethics in the Professions 5 The Role of Morality in Human Culture 6 Are There Universal Morals? 9 Tension between Relativism and Absolutism 9 The Dialectic of the Moral Life 9 Global Human Rights 11 Moral Values, Rules, and Principles 12 Professional Identity: Power and Peril 13 Attributes of Professional Helping: Common Ground 14 Professional Organizations and Associations 15 And Who Is the Client? 16 Chapter Wrap-Up 19 Two Philosophical and Culture: Roots and Prisms 20 Chapter Orientation 20 Exploring Moral Philosophies 21 Character or Virtue Ethics 24 Defining Virtue 25 Character Development 26 The Golden Mean 26 Rationality, Emotions, and Habits 27 Doing the Right Thing 27 Current Expressions of Character Ethics 28 Deontological Ethics 28 Kant and Moral Duties 29 John Rawls and Social Justice 31 Utilitarian or Consequentialist Ethics 32 The Contributions of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill 33 Current Adherents and Approaches 33 Situation Ethics 34 The Principles Approach 35 Bioethics and Mid-Level Principles 36 Alternative Cultural Views on Morality and Ethics 37 Religion''s Interactive Relationship with Ethics 37 Traditional Asian Ethics 38 African Ethics 44 American Indian Ethics 45 Feminist Ethics and the Ethics of Care 48 Chapter Wrap-Up 51 Three Ethics Codes, Codes of Conduct, Employer Policies, and the Law 53 Chapter Orientation 53 Why Codes? 54 Recognizing the Moral Dimensions of Professional Knowledge 54 Legal Concerns and Fears as a Driving Force 55 Functions of the Codes 56 Distinctions between Codes and Laws 58 Policies and Practices 59 Policies within Schools and Agencies 59 Standard of Care or Acceptable Practices 61 Guidelines, Codes of Behavior, and Mission Statements 61 Mission Statements 62 Ethical Decision-Making Guides 68 Decisions about Decisions 68 Ethical Considerations in Crisis Counseling 71 Using Ethical Principles to Guide Crisis Work 74 Beneficence 75 Nonmaleficence 76 Justice 77 Autonomy 77 Fidelity 78 Chapter Wrap-Up 80 Four Professional Identity Development: Values and Definitions 81 Chapter Orientation 81 The Intricacies of Helping 82 Why People Become Professional Helpers 83 Motives for Helping and the Golden Mean 83 The Intersection of Motivations and Values 85 When Values Contrast in Interesting Ways 90 When Values Clash 90 When Shared Values Present Challenges 90 Moral Sensitivity and Clinical Concerns 91 Choices about Displaying Values 92 Care for the Caring 93 Anxieties That Are (or Should Be) Common to Graduate Students 94 The Imposter Syndrome 96 The Invisible Knapsack 97 Burnout Awareness and Prevention 98 Factors and Symptoms of Stress and Burnout 99 Resilience and Hardiness 102 Weaving the Strands Together 103 Chapter Wrap-Up 104 Section Two: The Day to Day Challenges Common to All Five The Helping Relationship: From Beginning to End 109 Chapter Orientation 109 Before the Beginning 110 Portraying Yourself and Your Services 110 Officing Yourself 111 Informed Consent and Informed Refusal 113 Autonomy for All? 114 Informed Refusal 116 The Nuts and Bolts 119 Legal Concerns 122 Considerations for Particular Populations 122 The First Session: Competency and Referral 126 When Your Skills and Client Needs Do Not Match 128 Technology Rears Its Ugly (Beautiful?) Head 130 Ending Well 131 Chapter Wrap-Up 134 Six Confidentiality and Trust 135 Chapter Orientation 135 Confidentiality and the Therapeutic Relationship 136 Professional Dimensions of Confidentiality 136 Why Confidentiality? 138 The Limits of Confidentiality and Their Evolution 140 Categories of Exceptions to Confidentiality 141 Protection of Self and Others 141 Communication with Office Staff and Other Professionals 147 Communication with Funding Sources or Third Party Payers 148 Depositions, Subpoenas, and Court Orders 149 Summarizing the Limits and Exceptions 152 Technology and the Internet 152 Particular Populations and Confidentiality Concerns 154 Children and Adolescents 154 Confidentiality Concerns in Families, Couples, and Groups 155 Mandatory or Involuntary Clients 157 Professional Record Keeping 157 Chapter Wrap-Up 159 Seven Boundaries, Roles, and Limits 160 Chapter Orientation 160 Introduction to Roles, Boundaries, and Relationship Rules 161 Why All the Fuss about Boundaries and Relationships? 162 Distinctive Aspects of Professional Helping Relationships 163 Transference 164 Countertransference 166 Client Indignation or Relief 168 Ethics Codes and Terms 168 Boundaries, Roles, Timing, and Informed Consent 171 Boundary Overlaps That Predate the Professional Relationship 172 Boundary Overlaps During the Professional Relationship 174 Postprofessional Relationship Boundary Considerations 175 Practices and Techniques with Boundary Implications 176 Gift Giving and Receiving 176 Self-Disclosure 178 Considerations about Touch 179 Assessing Potential Benefit and Harm 179 Little Communities, Big Boundaries? 182 Romance, Sex, Love, and Lust 183 Sex Before or After? 186 Chapter Wrap-Up 187 Eight Assessment, Evaluation, Testing: Peering Through the Right Lenses 188 Chapter Orientation 188 The Roots and Nature of Assessment 189 The ABCs of Ethical Assessment 190 Assessment Requires Judgment 190 The Assessment Continuum 191 Practitioner as Instrument 192 Informed Consent and Confidentiality 192 Multi-Method, Multi-Source Assessment 195 Informal Assessment 195 Observational Strategies 196 Using Art and Drawings in Assessment 196 Clinical Interviewing 197 Assessment and Science 198 Testing 199 Formal Evaluations 201 Psychological Evaluations 201 Social, Learning, Career, and Need-Based Evaluations 202 Diagnosis and the DSM System 202 The Purpose of Diagnosis 204 The XYZs of Ethical Assessment 206 Be Mindful of Issues in Technology and Setting 206 Use the Least Severe Diagnostic Label 206 Recognize That All Assessment Procedures Are Flawed 207 Honoring Client Perspectives 207 Be Attentive to Diversity Issues and Potential Misuse 207 Chapter Wrap-Up 210 Nine Competence, Accountability, and Research: How We Know What We Should Know 211 Chapter Orientation 211 Competence: You''ll Know It When You See It? 212 Defining the Minimal Boundaries of Competence 212 Education and Training 213 Supervised Experience 213 State and National Professional Credentials 213 Appropriate Professional Experience 214 Specialties, Specialization, and Competence 214 Ongoing Competence and Self-Assessment 215 Competence, Accountability, and Research Evidence 217 Counseling and Psychotherapy Outcomes Research 218 Searching for Compromise: Evidence-Based Practice Principles 221 Evidence-Based Mental Health Practice 222 Evidence-Based School Counseling Practice 223 Outcomes Research on Divergent Minority Groups 225 Ethical Concerns in Research and Publication 226 Research with Multicultural and Vulnerable Populations 227 Research and Informed Consent 228 Ethics in Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Designs 229 Ethical Concerns with Funding and Findings 229 Research Topics: Choosing Wisely 231 Chapter Wrap-Up 232 Section Three: Specific Specialties and Professional Identities Ten Counseling in the Schools 235 ( By John Sommers-Flanagan, Nancy Bodenhorn, and Rita Sommers-Flanagan ) Chapter Orientation 235 Professional School Counseling 236 The History 236 The Transformations 237 Why Are School Counseling Ethics So Challenging? 239 A School Is a School Is a School . 240 The Role and Function of the Professional School Counselor 245 General Guidelines for School Counselors 246 Confidentiality: A Common Conundrum 247 Sexual Abuse 248 Sexual Harassment 249 FERPA, Records, and Sole Possession Records 249 Informed Consent(s): An Increasingly Important Practice 250 With and For Students 251 For Parents 251 Legal Concerns 252 Subpoenas and Testifying 252 Negligence 253 Multiple Relationships: Many Hats, One School 253 With Students 253 With Colleagues 254 Managing Consultation Relationships 254 Assessment and Accountability 254 Hot Counseling Topics and Concerns 255 Counseling in the Event of an Unwanted Pregnancy 255 Dangerous Behaviors: Sex, D.