History, Introduction, and How a Treatment Is Conducted Introduction Fracture Geometry Fracturing Fluids Proppants Treatment Design Modern Treatment Design Process Additional Comments References Definitions and Simple Geometry Models Introduction What Is Fracturing? Why Fracture? Treatment Design Variables References Design Variables Design Parameters: Fracture Height Design Parameters: Modulus ( E ) Design Parameters: Fluid Loss (" C " and Spurt) References Rock Stresses Introduction History Vertical Stress Horizontal Stress In Situ Stress Direction In Situ Stress Differences In Situ Stress Measurement Proppant Stress Wellbore Breakdown References Petrophysics Depth Primary Logs References Post-Frac Performance Fracture Length or Conductivity? Equivalent Wellbore Radius Folds of Increase Acid Transient Flow References Treatment Scheduling Introduction Perfect Support Fluids Banking Fluids Tip Screen-Out Fracturing Time-Temperature Fluid History Unexpected Design Flaws or "Gotchas" References Additional References Frac Pressure Analysis History Similarity to Pressure Transient Analysis Closure Pressure Treating Pressure ( PNet ) Analysis PDL Analysis Analysis for Reservoir Parameters (After-Closure Analysis) Acknowledgment Application and Examples Low Permeability Moderate/High Permeability " G " Function QLoss : Fluid Loss Rate Fracture Stiffness " G " Function " G " Function Plot for Δ P* References Additional References Engineering the Fluid Introduction History Types of Fracturing Fluids Characterization of Fracturing Fluids Proppant Fall Rates Viscosity and Fracture-Treating Pressure References Additional References Fracturing Fluid Components Water Clay Control Agents Friction Reducers Gelling Agents Oil-Based Fluids Breakers Viscosity Stabilizers Buffers Surfactants/Mutual Solvents Biocides/Bactericides References Additional References Proppants Introduction History of Proppant Conductivity Proppant Conductivity Corrections Proppant Size and Placement Proppant Concentration References Additional References Perforating Introduction Completion Strategies References Additional References Acid Fracturing Introduction Selecting Acid Fluids Treatment Techniques Carbonate Acid Chemistry Acid Reaction Rate Reaction Rate Laboratory Testing Acid Mass Transport Fluid Loss Wormholes Natural Fracture Fluid Loss Acid-Etched Conductivity Additives Placement/Diversion Design Examples References Selected References Fracture Diagnostics Introduction Post-Frac Logging Microseismic Monitoring Tiltmeters References Special Topics: Shale/Horizontal Well Fracturing, Frac Packing, and Waste Disposal Shale/Horizontal Well Fracturing Frac Packing (Fracturing in Sand Control Environments) Key Elements Using Hydraulic Fracturing for Waste Disposal Wellbore Breakdown Calculations Elastic Analysis for an Open Hole Nonpenetrating Fluid Penetrating Fluid Tensile Failure Mechanism References Quality Control Introduction Pre-Job Planning Qualifying Source Water Acid Quality Checks Base Oil Quality Control of Proppants On-Location Activities Diagnostic Testing During the Job Post-Frac Initial Flowback Energized Fluids Post-Job Evaluation Back in the Office Calculations References Additional References Quality Control and Testing of Water-Based Fracturing Fluids Friction Reducers/Slick Water Friction Reduces Stability and Water Compatibility Linear Gels Cross-Linked Gels Viscoelastic Surfactants Energized Fluids Quality Control and Testing of Oil-Based Fluids Qualifying Base Oil Gelled Oil Systems Generic Procedures/Guidelines for a Step-Rate Test/Step-Down Test Step-Rate Test (Used to Measure Fracture Extension Pressure) Step-Down Test (Used to Measure Friction vs. Pump Rate) Hydraulic Fracture Design Data Needs Introduction Reservoir Data Log Data Geologic Data Fracturing Data Additional Reference Example Design Well History Log Data Reservoir Data Reservoir Fluid Data Core Data Future Production Conditions References Glossary and Terms Basic Relations Data Needs/Data Sources References Additional References Problems Prue #1 Prue #1--Suggested Solution Janie Bea Janie Bea: Shallow Gas Zone Final Design CCCruz #1 CCCruz #1 Wilcox Low-Permeability Gas Well Reference Index.