This monograph has two parts: ?rst, a survey of cognitive science as understood in 1984; second, suggestions for changing the way we do intelligence analysis in light of what the discipline was telling us. The evidence is clear: analysis is likely to improve when we look beyond what is going on in our own heads?when we use any of several techniques designed to make explicit the underlying structure of our argument and when we encourage others to challenge our analogies and heuristics with their own. (This study was originally prepared by Robert Sinclair during a fellowship with the Center for the Study of Intelligence. It has been updated with a new introduction and slightly edited.).