Chapter 1 The Yes Brain: An Introduction This book is about helping kids say yes to the world. It''s about encouraging them to open their minds to new challenges, to new opportunities, to who they already are and all they can become. It''s about giving them a Yes Brain. If you''ve heard Dan speak, you may have participated in an exercise where he asks his audience to close their eyes and pay attention to their bodily and emotional responses when he repeats a particular word. He begins by somewhat harshly saying "no" over and over again. He repeats it seven times, then switches to "yes," which he says much more gently, again and again. He then asks the audience members to open their eyes and describe what they experienced. They report that the "no" portion of the exercise left them feeling shut down, upset, tense, and defensive, whereas when Dan repeated the affirming "yes," they felt open, calm, relaxed, and lighter.

The muscles of their face and vocal cords relaxed, their breathing and heart rate normalized, and they became more open, as opposed to restricted or insecure or oppositional. (Feel free to close your eyes now and try the exercise for yourself. Maybe enlist the help of a relative or friend. Notice what goes on in your body as you repeatedly hear the word "no," and then "yes.") These two different responses--­the "yes" response and the "no" response--­give you an idea of what we mean when we talk about a Yes Brain, as well as its opposite, a No Brain. If you expand that and think about it as an overall outlook on life, a No Brain leaves you feeling reactive when you interact with people, which makes it nearly impossible to listen, make good decisions, or connect with and care for another person. A focus on survival and self-­defense kicks into gear, leaving you feeling guarded and shut down when it comes to interacting with the world and learning new lessons. Your nervous system initiates its reactive fight-­flight-­freeze-­or-­faint response: fight means lashing out, flight means escaping, freeze means temporarily immobilizing yourself, and faint means collapsing and feeling utterly helpless.

Any of these four reactive responses to threat can become triggered, preventing you from being open, connecting to others, and offering flexible responses. That''s the reactive No Brain state. The Yes Brain, in contrast, emerges from different circuits in the brain that become activated and lead to receptivity rather than reactivity. Scientists use the term "social engagement system" to refer to the set of neural circuits that help us connect openly with others--­and even our own inner experience. As a result of receptivity and an active social engagement system, we feel much more capable of addressing challenges in a strong, clear, and flexible way. In this Yes Brain state, we open ourselves to a sense of equanimity and harmony, allowing us to absorb, assimilate, and learn from new information. This Yes Brain mindset is what we want for our kids, so that they learn to view obstacles and new experiences not as paralyzing impediments but simply as challenges to be faced and overcome and learned from. When kids work from a Yes Brain mentality, they''re more flexible, more open to compromise, more willing to take chances and explore.

They''re more curious and imaginative, less worried about making mistakes. They''re also less rigid and stubborn, which makes them better at relationships and more adaptable and resilient when it comes to handling adversity. They understand themselves and work from a clear internal compass that directs their decisions as well as the way they treat others. Guided by their Yes Brain, they do more, learn more, and become more. They say yes to the world from a place of emotional equilibrium, welcoming all that life offers--­even when circumstances don''t go their way. Our opening message to you is a thrilling one: you have the power to promote this type of flexibility, receptivity, and resilience in your children. This is what we mean by mental strength--­giving your kids a strong mind. Not by making them attend a lecture series on grit and curiosity, or by initiating lots of long, intense, stare-­into-­each-­other''s-­eyes conversations.

In fact, your everyday interactions with your children are all you need. Simply by keeping in mind the Yes Brain principles and lessons we''ll show you in the coming pages, you can use the time you spend with your kids--­while driving to school, eating dinner, playing together, or even arguing with them--­to influence the way they respond to their circumstances and interact with the people around them. That''s because a Yes Brain is more than just a mindset or an approach to the world. It''s that, definitely. And as such, it gives your child an internal guide to help him or her face life''s challenges with security and enthusiasm. It''s the basis of being strong from the inside out. But a Yes Brain is also a neurological state that emerges when the brain is engaged in certain ways. By understanding a few basic details about brain development, you can help create an environment that provides opportunities that will foster a Yes Brain in your kids.

As we''ll explain below, the Yes Brain is created by neural activity that involves a particular region of the brain called the prefrontal cortex, an area that links many regions with one another, handles higher-­order thinking, and facilitates curiosity, resilience, compassion, insight, open-­mindedness, problem-­solving, and even morality. Kids can learn to increasingly access and pay attention to the functions of this part of the brain as they grow and develop. In other words, you can teach your kids how to grow this important neural area that supports mental strength. As a result, they can control their emotions and bodies better, while also listening more carefully to their inner promptings and being more fully themselves. That''s what we''re talking about when we discuss the Yes Brain: a neurological state that helps children (and adults) approach the world with openness, resilience, empathy, and authenticity. A No Brain, in contrast, emerges less from the interconnecting prefrontal cortex and more from a less integrated brain state that involves the activity of lower, more primitive regions of the brain. This No Brain state is how we respond to a threat or get ready for an impending attack. As a result, it''s intensely reactive, defensively worrying that it might make a mistake or that curiosity might lead to some kind of trouble.

And this state can go on the offense, too, pushing back on new knowledge and fighting off input from others. Attacking and rejecting are two ways the No Brain deals with the world. The No Brain''s outlook on the world is one of stubbornness, anxiety, competition, and threat, leaving it much less capable of handling difficult situations or achieving a clear understanding of self or others. Kids who approach the world from a No Brain state are at the mercy of their circumstances and their feelings. They get stuck in their emotions, unable to shift them, and they complain about their realities rather than finding healthy ways to respond to them. They worry, often obsessively, about facing something new or making a mistake, rather than making decisions in a Yes Brain spirit of openness and curiosity. Stubbornness often rules the day in a No Brain state. Does any of that sound similar to your situation at home? If you have kids, it probably does.

The truth is, we all get into No Brain states--­kids and adults alike. Becoming rigid and/or reactive from time to time is something we can''t completely avoid. But we can understand it. Then we can learn ways to help our kids return more quickly to a Yes Brain state when they leave it. And more important, we can give them the tools to do so themselves. Young children will work from a No Brain state more often than older children and adults. A seemingly omnipresent No Brain is typical and developmentally appropriate for a three-­year-­old--­like when she cries with fury because her harmonica got wet, even though she''s the one who threw it in the sink full of water! But over time, and as development unfolds, we can support our kids in developing the ability to regulate themselves, bounce back from difficulties, understand their own ­experiences, and be thoughtful of others. Then, more and more, the no becomes a yes.

Think about that right now, for just a moment. How would life at your house change if your kids were better at responding to everyday situations--­conflict with siblings, turning off electronics, following directions, homework struggles, bedtime battles--­from a Yes Brain instead of reacting from a No Brain? What would be different if they were less rigid and stubborn and they could better regulate themselves when things don''t go their way? What if they welcomed new experiences instead of fearing them? What if they could be clearer about their own feelings, and more caring and empathic toward others? How much happier would they be? How much happier and more peaceful would the whole family be? That''s what this book is about: helping develop a Yes Brain in your kids by giving them the space, the opportunity, and the tools to develop into people who openly engage with their world and become fully and authentically themselves. This is how we help children develop mental strength and resilience. Nurturing a Yes Brain Is Not About Being Permissive Let us be clear from the outset about what the Yes Brain is not. The Yes Brain is not about telling kids yes all the time. It''s not about being permissive, or giving in, or protecting them from disappointment, or rescuing them from difficult situations. Nor is it about c.