Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Part I: Nano-Flotillas Traversing in the Vein as Carriers to Deliver Theranostics 1 1 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Systems Using Nanomaterials 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Nanodiagnostic Agents 4 1.2.1 Bio-Barcode Assay (BCA) 5 1.2.2 Cantilever Beam 5 1.2.

3 Carbon Dots/Carbon Quantum Dots 8 1.2.3.1 CD as Bioimaging Agent 9 1.2.3.2 CD as Sensor 10 1.2.

4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 11 1.2.4.1 Diagnostic Equipment Using CNT 13 1.2.5 Dendrimers 26 1.2.5.

1 Types of Dendrimers 27 1.2.5.2 Applications of Dendrimers 28 1.2.6 DNA 30 1.2.7 Nanocrystals/Quantum Dots (QDs) 33 1.

2.7.1 Applications of Nanocrystals/Quantum Dots (QDs) 34 1.2.8 Nanoparticles as Diagnostic Tool 35 1.2.8.1 Inorganic/Metal Nanoparticles 35 1.

2.8.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) 43 1.2.9 Nanorobotics 45 1.2.10 Nanoshells 47 1.2.

11 Nanowires 48 1.2.12 Optical Tweezers 48 1.2.13 Serum Albumin 50 1.3 Summary 51 References 51 2 Nano Trojan Horses for Delivery of Peptides and Protein Drugs 57 Roopa Dharmatti 2.1 Introduction 57 2.2 Peptides 58 2.

2.1 Cell-Penetrating Peptides 61 2.2.1.1 CPP and NP Surface Conjugation Mechanism 62 2.2.1.2 CPP-NP Conjugates in Cancer 64 2.

2.1.3 CPP-NP Conjugates in Inflammation 65 2.2.1.4 CPP-NPs Conjugates in Central Nervous System Disorders 66 2.2.2 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) 66 2.

2.2.1 Nanomedicines for Antimicrobial Peptides Delivery 68 2.2.3 Peptide Toxins 70 2.2.3.1 Action Mechanism of Peptide Toxins 71 2.

2.3.2 Therapeutic Applications of Peptide Toxins from Various Sources 71 2.2.4 Modifications of Natural Peptides for NP and Drug Design 77 2.3 Role of Nanoparticles in Peptide Drug Delivery 77 2.3.1 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) NPs for Diagnostics and for Controlled and Targeted Drug Delivery 79 2.

3.1.1 NPs for VIP Drug Delivery 80 2.3.1.2 Structural Basis for Neuropeptide VIP-Targeted Drug Delivery Aided by Nanotechnology 82 2.4 Protein 85 2.4.

1 Protein and Peptide Drug Conjugates 86 2.4.1.1 Protein-Drug Conjugates 86 2.4.1.2 Strategies for Chemical Conjugation 90 2.5 Role of Nanoparticles (NPs) in Protein Drug Delivery 96 2.

5.1 Liposomes 96 2.5.2 Nanoparticles (NPs) Made from Polymer 97 2.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 99 2.5.4 Other Metal Nanoparticles (NPs) 100 2.

6 Summary 102 References 102 3 Biomimetic Nanomaterials as Smart Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.1.1 Concept of Tissue Engineering (TE) 116 3.1.2 A Brief Look at the Type of Tissue-Specific Stem Cells Being Engineered for Tissue Regeneration 117 3.1.3 Growth Factor 119 3.

2 Scaffold 119 3.2.1 Basic Requirements for Scaffold 120 3.2.1.1 Biocompatibility of Scaffold Material 120 3.2.1.

2 Biodegradability of Scaffold Material 121 3.2.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Scaffold Material 121 3.2.1.4 Porosity in Scaffold Architecture 121 3.2.

1.5 Surface Chemistry of Scaffold 121 3.2.2 Biological Scaffold Fabrication Techniques 122 3.2.2.1 Conventional Fabrication Techniques 122 3.2.

2.2 Rapid Prototyping (RP) Technique or Solid Free-From Fabrication Technique 125 3.2.2.3 Decellularization 128 3.2.2.4 Tissue Vascularization and Integration 129 3.

2.2.5 3D Bioprinting or Cell Printing 129 3.2.2.6 Crosslinking of Hydrogel 132 3.3 Biomaterials for the Fabrication of Scaffold 132 3.3.

1 Natural Biomaterials and Extracellular Matrix Material (ECM) Used for Scaffolding 132 3.3.1.1 Collagen 133 3.3.1.2 Fibrin 134 3.3.

1.3 Gelatin 136 3.3.1.4 Silk Fiber 137 3.3.1.5 Proteoglycan (PG) 137 3.

3.1.6 Hyaluronan or Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 138 3.3.1.7 Chitosan 138 3.3.1.

8 Alginate 139 3.3.1.9 Silica 140 3.3.1.10 Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) 140 3.3.

2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Biomaterials Used for Scaffolding 141 3.3.2.1 Poly(L-lactic Acid) (PLA) Scaffold 142 3.3.2.2 Polyglycolide (PGA) Scaffold 142 3.3.

2.3 Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Scaffold 142 3.3.2.4 Polycaprolactone ( PCL) Scaffold 143 3.3.2.5 Hydrogel 143 3.

3.3 Ceramics 143 3.3.4 Functionality of Types of Scaffolds 144 3.3.4.1 Injectable Material for Scaffolds or ''Injectabone'' 144 3.3.

4.2 Scaffold as Delivery System for Growth Factor and Drugs 144 3.3.4.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing of Polymers 145 3.3.4.4 Customized Scaffold via 3D Printing 145 3.

3.4.5 Plasma Modification of Scaffold Surfaces 146 3.4 Nanomaterials for Versatile Scaffolds 146 3.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticle Carbon Nanotubes as Versatile Scaffolds 148 3.4.2 Metal Nanoparticles 152 3.

4.2.1 Tantalum (Ta) 153 3.4.2.2 Magnesium and Its Alloys 153 3.4.2.

3 Titanium and Its Alloys 154 3.4.2.4 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 154 3.4.2.5 Aluminum Nanoparticles (AlNPs) 155 3.4.

2.6 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 156 3.4.2.7 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) 157 3.4.2.8 Iron (Fe), Iron Oxide and Its Conjugate Nanoparticles 158 3.

4.2.9 Nickel Nanoparticles (NiNPs) 159 3.4.2.10 Zirconium Nanoparticles (ZrNPs) 160 3.4.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanofibers 160 3.

4.4 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 161 3.4.4.1 Liposomes 162 3.4.5 Ceramic Nanoparticles (CNPs) 163 3.4.

5.1 Bioactive Ceramic Nanoparticles 164 3.4.5.2 Bioinert Ceramic Nanoparticles 164 3.4.5.3 Bioresorbable Ceramic Nanoparticles 164 3.

4.6 Natural Extracellular Matrix (ECM) 165 3.5 Application of Scaffold for Various Tissue Regeneration and Incorporation of Nanomaterials 165 3.5.1 Scaffold for Bone Tissue Regeneration 166 3.5.2 Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 170 3.5.

3 Scaffold for Cardiovascular Tissue Regeneration 172 3.5.4 Scaffold for Liver Tissue Regeneration 173 3.5.5 Scaffold for Muscle Tissues Regeneration 175 3.5.6 Scaffold for Nerve Tissue Regeneration 176 3.5.

7 Scaffold for Skin Tissue Regeneration 180 3.5.8 Scaffold for Tendon and Ligament Tissue Regeneration 183 3.6 Considerations for Manufacturing a Scaffold at Commercial Level 186 3.7 Conclusion 187 References 187 Part II: The Cardinal Role of Biomedical Nanotechnology 209 4 Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics: A Powerful Tool for Ablation of Cancer 211 4.1 Introduction 211 4.2 Molecular Diagnostics 212 4.2.

1 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) 215 4.2.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 215 4.2.3 SDS-Page and Western Blot 216 4.2.4 Immunoprecipitation (IP) 217 4.2.

5 Immunofluorescence 218 4.2.6 Immunoelectron Microscopy 218 4.2.7 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 218 4.3 Radiological Diagnostics for Cancer 219 4.3.1 Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan 219 4.

3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 219 4.3.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 220 4.4 Biopsy 222 4.5 Nanodiagnostics for Cancer 223 4.5.1 Brain Cancer 224 4.

5.1.1 Brain Cancer and Nanotechnology 226 4.5.2 Breast Cancer 228 4.5.2.1 Breast Cancer and Nanodiagnostic 230 4.

5.3 Colon/Colorectal Cancer 230 4.5.3.1 Colon/Colorectal Cancer and Nanodiagnostic 231 4.5.4 Liver Cancer or Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) 233 4.5.

4.1 Liver Cancer and Nanotechnology 234 4.5.5 Lung Cancer 239 4.5.5.1 Lung Cancer and Nanotechnology 240 4.5.

6 Melanoma and Skin Cancer 242 4.5.6.1 Melanoma and Nanotechnology 244 4.5.7 Oral Cancer 246 4.5.7.

1 Oral Cancer and Nanotechnology 247 4.5.8 Ovarian Cancer 248 4.5.8.1 Ovarian Cancer and Nanotechnology 249 4.5.9 Pancreatic Cancer 251 4.

5.9.1 Pancreatic Cancer and Nanotechnology 252 4.5.10 Prostate Cancer 255 4.5.10.1 Prostate Cancer and Nanotechnology 257 4.

5.11 Renal Cancer/Kidney Cancer 259 4.5.11.1 Renal Cancer and Nanotechnology 261 4.5.12 Urinary Bladder Cancer 261 4.5.

12.1 Urinary Bladder Cancer and Nanotechnology 262 4.6 Summary 264 References 265 5 Genetic Diseases and Nanotechnology-Based Theranostics 277 5.1 Introduction 277 5.2 Nanotechnologies and Microchips in Genetic Diseases 279 5.3 Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy for Genetic Disease 279 5.3.1 Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) 281 5.

3.2 Some Diseases Successfully Treated with Nanotechnology + Gene Therapy 282 5.4 Gene Silencing Therapy 284 5.5 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Therapy and Nanotechnology 286 5.6 Nanoparticles-Based Therapies for Various Chromosomal Disorders 287 5.6.1 Down Syndrome 287 5.6.

1.1 Mosaic Down Syndrome 287 5.6.1.2 Translocation Down Syndrome 288 5.6.1.3 Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) 288 5.

6.1.4 Turner Syndrome 288 5.6.1.5 Williams Syndrome 288 5.6.1.

6 Cri du Chat Syndrome 289 5.6.2 Single-Gene Disorder 289 5.6.2.1 Niemann-Pick Type C1 Disease (NPC1) 289 5.6.2.

2 Cystic Fibrosis 290 5.6.2.3 Galactosemia 291 5.6.2.4 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) 292 5.6.

2.5 Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) 292 5.6.2.6 Huntington''s Disease (HD) 293 5.6.2.7 Tay-Sachs Disease 294 5.

6.3 Multifactorial Disorders 295 5.6.3.1 Thalassemia 295 5.6.3.2 Mitochondrial Disease 296 5.

7 Summa.