Foreword xix Preface xxi 1 An Introduction to Carbon Nanofiber 1 Maheshwar Sharon 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 History of Carbon Fiber 2 1.1.2 What is a Carbon Fiber? 3 1.1.3 Structures of Carbon Fibers 5 1.

1.4 Synthesis of Carbon Fibers 6 1.1.4.1 Carbon Fibers from PAN 6 1.1.5 Properties of Carbon Fibers 6 1.2 Properties of Carbon Nanofiber and How It Differs from Carbon Nanotube 7 1.

2.1 History of CNF 8 1.2.2 Role of Surface States in Controlling the Properties of CNFs 9 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) 11 1.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 11 1.3.

2 Precursors for CNF 12 1.3.3 Use of Catalyst in the Synthesis of CNF 12 1.3.4 Selection of Variable Parameters for Growth of CNF 13 1.3.5 Epitaxial Growth of Aligned CNF 14 1.3.

6 Mechanism of CNF Synthesis 14 1.4 Properties of CNF and Its Composites 15 1.5 Applications of CNF 15 1.6 Health Hazards of CNF 18 1.7 Summary 19 References 19 2 Biogenic Carbon Nanofibers 21 Madhuri Sharon 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Plants as Source of Precursor for CNF Synthesis 22 2.2.

1 Plant Parts 26 2.2.1.1 Fibrous Plant Material Used for Synthesizing CNF 26 2.2.1.2 Characterization of CNF Obtained by Pyrolysis of Plant Seeds 29 2.2.

2 Plant Metabolites 34 2.2.2.1 Characterization of CNF Obtained by Pyrolysis of Plant Metabolites 36 2.3 CNF Derived from Parts of Different Plants and Their Applications 37 2.3.1 Hydrogen Storage in CNF 37 2.3.

2 Removal of Heavy Metals by CNF 38 2.3.3 Microwave Absorption Capacity of CNF 39 2.3.4 CNF as Electrocatalysts for Microbial Energy Harvesting 40 2.3.5 CNF as Regenerative Medicine 40 2.3.

6 CNF as Deodorizer 41 2.3.7 CNF Composites for Strong and Lightweight Material 41 2.3.8 Biogenic CNF as Supercapacitor 42 2.3.9 Plant-Derived CNM for Use in Coatings 43 2.4 Comparative Structure of Chemically and Biogenically Synthesized CNF 43 2.

4.1 CNF Synthesized from Chemical Precursors 43 2.4.2 CNF Synthesized from Plant Parts or Plant Metabolites as Precursors 44 2.5 Concluding Remarks 45 References 45 3 Role of Nanocatalysts in Synthesis of Carbon Nanofiber 49 Suman Tripathi 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Nanocatalysts 50 3.2.

1 Concept of Nanocatalysis 51 3.2.2 Metallic Nanoparticles (NP) as Catalyst 52 3.2.3 Types of Nanometals as Catalyst 53 3.2.3.1 Nanometal Colloids as Catalysts 54 3.

2.3.2 Nanoclusters as Catalysts 54 3.2.3.3 Nanoparticles as Catalysts 54 3.2.3.

4 Nanopowder as Catalysts 54 3.3 Methods for the Preparation of Nanoparticles 54 3.3.1 Hydrothermal Method of Metal Nanoparticles 55 3.3.2 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 55 3.3.3 Dendrimer-Assisted Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 55 3.

3.4 Reverse Micelle Method of Metal Nanoparticles 56 3.3.5 Co-Precipitation Method of Metal Nanoparticles 57 3.3.6 Biogenic Synthesis (Green Synthesis) Method of Metal Nanoparticles 58 3.4 Role of Nanocatalyst in the Production of CNF 60 3.5 Different Types of CNF 61 3.

6 Synthesis of Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Using Nanocatalysts 64 3.6.1 Laser Ablation Method 65 3.6.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 65 3.6.3 Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) or Combustion Synthesis (CS) 67 3.6.

4 Floating Catalyst Method 68 3.6.5 Electrospinning Method 68 3.6.5.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) 70 3.6.5.

2 Pitch 70 3.6.5.3 Cellulose 70 3.7 Summary 71 References 71 4 Carbon Nanofiber and Polymer Conjugate 75 Anuradha Pandey Dubey 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 What is a Composite? 76 4.3 Polymers Used for Conjugating CNF 79 4.

3.1 Starch 79 4.3.2 Cellulose 81 4.3.3 Collagen 81 4.3.4 Chitosan 82 4.

3.5 Gelatin 83 4.3.6 Fibrin 83 4.3.7 Alginate 84 4.3.8 Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) 84 4.

3.9 Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) 84 4.3.10 Poly Caprolactone (PCL) 85 4.3.11 Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) 85 4.3.12 Poly Glycerol Sebacate (PGS) 86 4.

4 Approaches Involved in Synthesizing Polymer/CNF Nanocomposites 86 4.5 Various CNF Composites 87 4.5.1 CNF/Epoxy Composites 88 4.5.2 CNF/Phenolic Resin Composites 89 4.5.3 CNF/Polyaniline (PANI) Composites 89 4.

5.4 CNF/Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) Nanocomposite 90 4.5.5 CNF/Biopolymers Nanocomposites 90 4.5.6 CNT/CNF-Epoxy Nanocomposites 91 4.6 Possible Futuristic Applications of CNF/Polymer Composites 91 4.6.

1 Sensors 92 4.6.2 Batteries 93 4.6.3 Food Packaging 94 4.7 Summary 95 References 95 5 Characterization of Carbon Nanofiber 99 Sundeep Deulkar 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Microscopic Characterization Techniques 99 5.

2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 100 5.2.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 103 5.2.3 Electron Microscopy for Morphology and Surface Characterization 104 5.2.3.

1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 104 5.2.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) 108 5.3 Spectroscopic Characterization 112 5.3.1 Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Carbon Nanofibers 113 5.4 Spectroscopic Analysis of CNF by XRD 117 5.

5 Measurement of Mechanical Properties of CNF 122 5.5.1 Tensile Strength Testing/Tension Testing 122 5.5.2 Young''s Modulus 123 5.6 Optical Property Analysis of CNF 127 5.6.1 Ellipsometric Method for CNF and MCNF 128 5.

6.2 UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometric Method for ACNF Analysis 129 5.6.3 Measuring Optical Band Gap 131 5.7 Thermal Properties and Thermal Effect Analysis 132 5.7.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 132 5.7.

2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 134 5.7.3 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) 135 5.7.4 Thermal Conductivity 135 5.8 Specific Surface Area (SSA) Determination of CNF 139 5.8.1 Methylene Blue (MB) Test 140 5.

8.2 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Specific Surface Areas 142 5.9 Characterization of Electrical Properties 145 5.9.1 Two-Probe and Four-Probe Methods for Resistivity Measurement 148 5.9.2 Four-Probe Methods for Resistivity Measurement 149 5.9.

3 Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA) Analysis 150 5.9.4 Hall Effect Measurement 152 References 154 6 Carbon Nanofiber - A Potential Superconductor 159 Harish K. Dubey 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Superconductors 161 6.2.1 Theory of Superconductors 161 6.

2.2 Measurement Technique of Superconductivity 163 6.2.3 Types of Superconductors 163 6.3 History of Existing Superconductors 165 6.4 Superconductivity in Organic Materials 168 6.5 Can Carbon Nanofiber Also Be a Possible Superconductor? 169 6.6 Summary 173 References 173 7 Carbon Nanofiber for Hydrogen Storage 175 Bholanath Mukherjee 7.

1 Introduction 175 7.2 Hydrogen - Its Advantages and Disadvantages as Source of Energy 176 7.2.1 Advantages 177 7.2.2 Disadvantages 177 7.3 Methods of Hydrogen Storage 178 7.3.

1 Storage of Liquid Hydrogen 178 7.3.2 Storage of Gaseous Hydrogen 178 7.3.2.1 In Metal Hydride Storage Tanks 178 7.3.2.

2 Storage of Compressed Hydrogen in High-Pressure Tank 179 7.3.2.3 Hydrogen Storage in Glass Microspheres 179 7.3.2.4 Storage in Array of Glass Micro Tubules/Capillaries 180 7.3.

2.5 Storage of Hydrogen in Chemicals 180 7.3.2.6 Storage of Hydrogen in Metal Amidoboranes 180 7.3.2.7 Storage of Hydrogen in Metal Organic Framework System 181 7.

4 Different Forms of Carbon and Nanocarbon for Storage of Hydrogen 181 7.4.1 Activated Carbon 182 7.4.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) 184 7.4.3 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) 187 7.4.

4 Metal-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 188 7.4.5 Graphene and the Like 189 7.5 Carbon Fibers for Storage of Hydrogen 191 7.6 Pyrolyzed Natural Fibers from Plant/Animals to Store Hydrogen 192 7.6.1 Carbonization/Pyrolysis 192 7.7 Summary 201 References 201 8 Carbon Nanofiber for Microwave Absorption 211 Dattatray E.

Kshirsagar 8.1 The Need to Develop a Microwave Absorber 211 8.2 Types of Microwave Absorbers 212 8.2.1 Resonant Absorber 213 8.2.2 Broadband Absorbers 215 8.2.

3 Magnetic Absorbers 217 8.2.4 Dielectric Absorber 218 8.2.5 Metal Absorber 220 8.3 Considerations for Nano Absorbers 221 8.3.1 Nanoferrite Absorber 222 8.

3.1.1 Limitations of Ferrites 222 8.4 The Radars 223 8.4.1 Detection and Ranging 223 8.4.2 Multi-Band 3D Radar 223 8.

4.3 Quantum Radar 224 8.4.4 LIDAR (Light Imaging Detection & Ranging) 225 8.5 Role of CNF in Microwave Absorption 226 8.6 Need for Fabricating a CNF and Polymer Composite 228 8.7 Summary 230 References 232 9 Carbon Nanofiber for Removal of Dye from Aqueous Medium 235 Sanjukta Bhowmik 9.1 Introduction 235 9.

2 Morphology of Biogenic and Chemically Synthesized CNFs from Different Precursors 236 9.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method (CVD) 237 9.2.2 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) 240 9.2.3 Electrospinning of Pol.