Introduction to Ionic Polymers, Ionic Gels, and Artificial Muscles Introduction A Brief History of Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) and Artificial/Synthetic Muscles A Brief History of Electromotive Polymers Role of Microparticles in Contraction of Gels Ionic Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites (IPMNCs): Fundamentals Introduction Performance Characteristics Advances in Force Optimization Electric Deformation Memory Effects, Magnetic IPMNCs, and Self-Oscillatory Phenomena in Ionic Polymers Ionic Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites: Manufacturing Techniques Introduction IPMNC Base Materials Manufacturing Techniques Ionic Polyacrylonitrile Chemoelectromechanical Artificial Muscles/Nanomuscles Introduction PAN Fabrication PAN Characterization PAN pH Meters Electroactive PAN Muscles Electrochemomechanical Actuation in Conductive Polyacrylonitrile (C-PAN) Fibers and Nanofibers Five-Fingered Hand Design and Fabrication Using PAN Fiber Bundle Muscles Micro-PAN Fiber Observation Conclusions PAMPS Gel Artificial Muscles Introduction PAMPS Gels Gel Preparation PAMPS Gel Application Electroactive PAMPS Gel Robotic Structures Engineering Strength Considerations on PAMPS Gels Gel Robotics Modeling and Simulation of IPMNCs as Distributed Biomimetic Nanosensors, Nanoactuators, Nanotransducers, and Artificial Muscles Introduction Continuum Electrodynamics of Ionic Polymeric Gels'' Swelling and Deswelling Continuum-Diffusion Electromechanical Model for Asymmetric Bending of Ionic Polymeric Gels Continuum Microelectromechanical Models Microelectromechanical Modeling of Asymmetric Deformation of Ionic Gels Time-Dependent Phenomenological Model Conclusions Sensing, Transduction, Feedback Control, and Robotic Applications of Polymeric Artificial Muscles Introduction Sensing Capabilities of IPMCs Evaluation of IPMCs for Use as Near-DC Mechanical Sensors Simulation and Control of Ionoelastic Beam Dynamic Deflection Model Conductive or Conjugated Polymers as Artificial Muscles Introduction Deformation of Conducting or Conjugated Polymers Engineering, Industrial, and Medical Applications of Ionic Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites Introduction Engineering and Industrial Applications Biomedical Applications Aerospace Applications Epilogue and Conclusions Epilogue Conclusions: PAN Muscles Conclusion: IPMNC Actuators Conclusion: IPMNC Sensors and Transducers Appendix A: Anatomy and Physiology of Human Muscle Muscle Contraction Role of Structural Components of Muscle Fibers Isotonic and Isometric Contraction Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types Electromyography ATP Appendix B: Muscle Mechanics Indexbr>PAN pH Meters Electroactive PAN Muscles Electrochemomechanical Actuation in Conductive Polyacrylonitrile (C-PAN) Fibers and Nanofibers Five-Fingered Hand Design and Fabrication Using PAN Fiber Bundle Muscles Micro-PAN Fiber Observation Conclusions PAMPS Gel Artificial Muscles Introduction PAMPS Gels Gel Preparation PAMPS Gel Application Electroactive PAMPS Gel Robotic Structures Engineering Strength Considerations on PAMPS Gels Gel Robotics Modeling and Simulation of IPMNCs as Distributed Biomimetic Nanosensors, Nanoactuators, Nanotransducers, and Artificial Muscles Introduction Continuum Electrodynamics of Ionic Polymeric Gels'' Swelling and Deswelling Continuum-Diffusion Electromechanical Model for Asymmetric Bending of Ionic Polymeric Gels Continuum Microelectromechanical Models Microelectromechanical Modeling of Asymmetric Deformation of Ionic Gels Time-Dependent Phenomenological Model Conclusions Sensing, Transduction, Feedback Control, and Robotic Applications of Polymeric Artificial Muscles Introduction Sensing Capabilities of IPMCs Evaluation of IPMCs for Use as Near-DC Mechanical Sensors Simulation and Control of Ionoelastic Beam Dynamic Deflection Model Conductive or Conjugated Polymers as Artificial Muscles Introduction Deformation of Conducting or Conjugated Polymers Engineering, Industrial, and Medical Applications of Ionic Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites Introduction Engineering and Industrial Applications Biomedical Applications Aerospace Applications Epilogue and Conclusions Epilogue Conclusions: PAN Muscles Conclusion: IPMNC Actuators Conclusion: IPMNC Sensors and Transducers Appendix A: Anatomy and Physiology of Human Muscle Muscle Contraction Role of Structural Components of Muscle Fibers Isotonic and Isometric Contraction Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types Electromyography ATP Appendix B: Muscle Mechanics Indexcroelectromechanical Models Microelectromechanical Modeling of Asymmetric Deformation of Ionic Gels Time-Dependent Phenomenological Model Conclusions Sensing, Transduction, Feedback Control, and Robotic Applications of Polymeric Artificial Muscles Introduction Sensing Capabilities of IPMCs Evaluation of IPMCs for Use as Near-DC Mechanical Sensors Simulation and Control of Ionoelastic Beam Dynamic Deflection Model Conductive or Conjugated Polymers as Artificial Muscles Introduction Deformation of Conducting or Conjugated Polymers Engineering, Industrial, and Medical Applications of Ionic Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites Introduction Engineering and Industrial Applications Biomedical Applications Aerospace Applications Epilogue and Conclusions Epilogue Conclusions: PAN Muscles Conclusion: IPMNC Actuators Conclusion: IPMNC Sensors and Transducers Appendix A: Anatomy and Physiology of Human Muscle Muscle Contraction Role of Structural Components of Muscle Fibers Isotonic and Isometric Contraction Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types Electromyography ATP Appendix B: Muscle Mechanics Indexmp;lt;/b> Epilogue Conclusions: PAN Muscles Conclusion: IPMNC Actuators Conclusion: IPMNC Sensors and Transducers Appendix A: Anatomy and Physiology of Human Muscle Muscle Contraction Role of Structural Components of Muscle Fibers Isotonic and Isometric Contraction Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types Electromyography ATP Appendix B: Muscle Mechanics Index.