Sekunda argues that in the 160s BC, the Ptolemaic and Seleucid infantry were reorganized to make them more successful and more competitive against the might of the Romans. This Romanization of the military took the form of new tactics and changes in the organization and in the equipment given to the soldier, with evidence coming from archaeological, literary, epigraphic and iconographic sources. Sekunda looks at the pre-Romanized organization of the infantry providing the necessary background history to the later reforms.