The Nature of Light Models for the Behavior of Light Box: Maxwell and Electromagnetism Electromagnetic Radiation The Electromagnetic Spectrum Polarization Interference Diffraction Box: The Grating Condition The Airy Diffraction Pattern Reflection and Refraction Box: Snell''s Law Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Prisms The Pinhole Camera Development of a Lens Box: Anomalous Refraction Digging Deeper Photometry, Lighting, and Light Filters Photometric Units Luminous Intensity Luminous Flux Box: Planck''s Equation and Retinal Sensitivity Illuminance Inverse Square Law Luminance Reflectance Luminous Energy Luminous Efficacy Spectral Energy Distribution Color Temperature The Mirek Scale Types of Light Sources Photographic Light Filters Polarizing Filters Box: Applications of Polarizing Filters Digging Deeper Visual Perception The Eye and Evolution Optics of the Eye Short and Long Sight The Retina Rods and Cones Sensitivity Range Box: The Weber-Fechner Law Visual Pathways Box: Neural Processing of the Visual Signal Visual Fields and Binocular Vision Color Perception Seeing a Range of Colors Constancy Visual Illusions Perception and Imaging Digging Deeper Lens Principles A Model for the Geometry of Camera Lenses The Simple Lens The Lens Laws Real and Virtual Images Depth of Field Box: Hyperfocal Distance Depth of Focus Gaussian Optics Telephoto Lenses Retrofocus Lenses Varifocal and Zoom Lenses Angle of Field Lens Aberrations Aspheric Surfaces Fall-Off Box: Lens Coating Perspective Box: The Scheimpflug Rule Digging Deeper Types of Lenses Process Lenses Macro Lenses Catadioptric (Mirror Lens) Systems Telecentric Lens Systems Ultrawide-Angle Lenses Fisheye Lenses Box: Why "Fisheye"? Panoramic Lenses 360° Lenses Lenses for Aerial and Satellite Photography Afocal Lens Systems Lens Systems for Underwater Photography GRIN Lenses Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) Pinhole Photography Box: Making a Pinhole Digging Deeper Resolution in Optical Systems Testing for Resolving Power Diffraction Limitation The Rayleigh Criterion The Inadequacy of Resolving Power Measurements The Modern Approach to Image Quality Box: Analysis of a Square Wave Modulation The Optical Transfer Function The MTF of an "Ideal" Lens Box: OTF and PSF Related Cascading of Transfer Functions Granularity and Pixel Size Digging Deeper Images in Color Early Attempts Lippmann Photography Box: Lippmann''s Desaturated Colors The Young-Helmholtz Theory of Visual Perception Additive Color Synthesis Quantifying Color: The CIE Chromaticity Diagram Box: Measurement Systems for Color Other Scales of Color Measurement Subtractive Color Synthesis Color Separation Negatives Color Prints from Separation Negatives Tripack Color Transparencies Prints from Transparencies Polaroid Color Color Negative-Positive Systems Box: Color Masking Cross-Processing Digging Deeper Still Cameras Early Cameras Shutters Types of Camera Specialized Cameras Viewfinders Rangefinders and Focus Finders Automatic Focus Control Automatic Exposure Control Flash Synchronization Box: Guide Numbers Camera Shake and Stabilization Mechanisms Image Motion Compensation Digging Deeper Motion and High-Speed Photography Persistence of Vision Early Experiments The Modern Cine Camera Slow Motion and Time Lapse High-Speed Cine Mirror and Drum Photography Smear and Streak Photography Lighting for High-Speed Photography Stroboscopy Digging Deeper The Silver Halide Process The Uniqueness of Silver Color Sensitivity of Emulsions Development Box: Oxidation and Reduction Fixing, Washing, and Drying Printing Color Emulsions Processing of Color Emulsions Sensitometry Practical Units of Measurement The Characteristic Curve Inherent Contrast What the Characteristic Curve Tells Us Effect of Varying the Development Time Reciprocity Failure Print Materials The Density Range of a Paper Color Print Papers Image Modification Digging Deeper Digital Recording of Images The Digital Principle Box: The Nyquist Criterion Digital Recording of Luminance Box: Bits, Bytes, and Binary Arithmetic Extending the Sensitivity Principles of Electronic Information Storage Getting the Image Out of the Camera Color in a Digital Camera Compression The Future for Digital Cameras Scanners and Scanning methods Digging Deeper Halftone, Electrostatic, and Digital Printing Continuous Tones with Printer''s Ink The Halftone Principle Printing in Color Color Masking Electrostatic Copying (Xerography) Printers Digging Deeper Television Beginnings The Television Camera Data Storage Methods Transmission and Reception of a TV Signal The Signal Transmitting Antennas Receiving Antennas Box: Impedance Microwave Relay Transmission Satellite Transmission Cable Transmissions The TV Receiver Projection Systems Digital Television: The Advantages Aspect Ratio High-Definition Television Compression Digging Deeper Video Recording and Replay Systems Magnetic Tape Recording Analogue Sound Recording Box: Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis, and a.c. Bias Tape Recording Mechanisms Box: Noise Reduction Systems Videotape Recording Techniques Digital Recording Digital Videotape Hard Disc Recorders Magneto-optical Discs Camcorders CDs and DVDs Box: Before the CD The Blu-ray System Burning a CD Digging Deeper Three-Dimensional Imaging How We See Depth The Limits of Stereo Pairs of Images Early Stereoscopic Images Stereoscopic Camera Formats Stereophotography in Aerial Survey Effect of Incorrect Lens Separation Hypostereoscopy in Microscopy Viewing Methods for Stereo Pairs Viewing Without Optical Aids Coincident Image Stereograms Autostereoscopic Systems Stereoscopic Cinema and Television Further Developments in Stereo Projection Simulated Stereopsis Integral Photography Digging Deeper Holography Coherence Denisyuk''s Hologram Box: Gabor''s Hologram Off-Axis Holograms Leith''s Hologram Processing a Hologram Other Types of Sensitive Material Dichromated Gelatin (DCG) The Real Image Transfer Holograms Contact Copies Astronomical Imaging Early History The Schmidt Configuration Mountings Atmospheric Effects Box: Telescopes in Space Types of Detector Solar Telescopes Infrared and Terahertz Astronomy Radio Telescopes Arrays Interferometry How to Measure the Diameter of a Star Spectroscopy Digging Deeper Macrography, Micrography, and Microimaging Macrography Box: Resolution Criterion Micrography Microscope Optics Illumination Systems Confocal Microscopy Electron Microscopy Microimaging Digging Deeper Focused-Image Holograms Rainbow Holograms Pulse Laser Holograms Embossed Holograms Holographic Stereograms Holograms in Natural Colors Holographic Interferometry Holographic Optical Elements Computer-Generated Holograms Box: Zone Plates Dot Matrix Images Digital Holography Digging Deeper Imaging the Invisible Radio Images Terahertz Imaging Infrared Imaging Thermal Imaging Image Conversion and Intensification Ultraviolet and Fluorescence Imaging Endoscopy Radiography Tomography and Scanning Systems Analysis of Scanning Outputs Ultrasonic Imaging Schlieren Photography Digging Deeper Appendix 1: Logarithms: What They Are, What They Do Logarithmic Scales Logs Base 2 Logs to Other Bases Appendix 2: How a Hologram Works Standing Waves Appendix 3: The Fourier Model for Image Formation Appendix 4:The Meaning of pH Efficacy Spectral Energy Distribution Color Temperature The Mirek Scale Types of Light Sources Photographic Light Filters Polarizing Filters Box: Applications of Polarizing Filters Digging Deeper Visual Perception The Eye and Evolution Optics of the Eye Short and Long Sight The Retina Rods and Cones Sensitivity Range Box: The Weber-Fechner Law Visual Pathways Box: Neural Processing of the Visual Signal Visual Fields and Binocular Vision Color Perception Seeing a Range of Colors Constancy Visual Illusions Perception and Imaging Digging Deeper Lens Principles A Model for the Geometry of Camera Lenses The Simple Lens Th.