PRINCIPLES OF HOLOGRAPHY What Is a Hologram? Stereoscopy Defining the Goal Goal Achieved Interference Experiment with Interference Fringes Diffraction Amplitude and Phase Gratings Brief History of Holography References Light Sources for Holography Light as an Electromagnetic Phenomenon Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Oscillators Properties of Light Beams Atoms and Energy Stimulated Emission Three-Level Solid-State (Ruby) Laser Ruby Pulse Laser Four-Level Solid-State Laser Four-Level Solid-State Lasing Media Q-Switching Frequency Doubling and Tripling Construction of Nd:YAG (Nd:YLF)/Nd:Phosphate Glass Pulse Laser Four-Level Gas Lasers Mirrors and Windows in CW Lasers Helium-Neon Laser Laser Beam Shapers Ion Lasers Semiconductor (Diode) Lasers Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers Fiber Lasers Lasers for Color Holography Pseudowhite Laser for Holography Lasers and Safety Warning Notices Avoiding Accidents Protective Eyewear Pulse Laser Safety Laser Itself Further Reading References Basic Types of Hologram Laser Transmission Holograms Replaying the Image Real Image White-Light Reflection Holograms Phase Holograms Image-Plane Holograms White-Light Transmission Holograms Other Types of Holograms Holographic Stereograms Color Holography Digitally Printed Holograms Digital Projection Holograms Surface Plasmon Holograms Embossed Holograms References Materials, Exposure, and Processing Silver Halide Materials Silver Halide Processing Constituents of a Developer Developer Classifications Bleaches Dichromated Gelatin Rendering Dichromated Gelatin Sensitive to Red Light Coating Plates Exposing Processing Sealing the Hologram Color Control Silver Halide-Sensitized Gelatin Photopolymers Photoresists Erasable Photosensitive Materials Photothermoplastics Photochromic Materials Photorefractive Crystals Further Reading References PRACTICAL DISPLAY HOLOGRAPHY Making Your First Hologram Basic Requirements Laser Beam Expander Support for the Laser Support for the Plate Setting Up for the Exposure Setup with a Small Laser Pointer Alternative Setup for a Larger Laser Processing Solutions Exposing Processing Viewing the Image One-Step Real Image Protecting and Displaying Your Hologram Working with Plates Cutting Glass Processing Plates What Went Wrong? Suppliers of Holographic Materials Further Reading Single-Beam Denisyuk Techniques Single-Beam Holograms of Unstable Subject Matter Building a Single-Beam Frame for a Prone Setup Rear-Surface Mirror System without Double Reflections Laser Triangular Benches Spatial Filtering Setting Up with a Spatial Filter Making an Electrically Operated Shutter Safelights Index-Matching Fluid Exposing and Processing Getting the Exposure Right Multiexposure Techniques Transfer Principle Making a Reflection Master Hologram Making a Reflection Transfer Hologram Making a Transmission Master Hologram 360° Holograms Further Applications of Single-Beam Holograms Mounting and Finishing Holograms Troubleshooting Reference Single-Beam Bypass Holograms Transmission Master Holograms Reflection Master Holograms Reflection Transfer Holograms Full-Aperture Transmission Transfer Holograms Rainbow Holograms Reflection Holograms from Transmission Masters Other Configurations References Building Your Own Holographic Laboratory Laboratory Space Optical Table Building a Sand Table Building a Concrete Table Metal Tables Table Supports Bases for Optical Components Excluding Drafts Mounting the Laser Gantry for Overhead Equipment Cantilevers Draft Exclusion Processing Area Storeroom Display Area References Making Master Holograms for Transfer Beamsplitters Other Types of Beamsplitter Illuminating the Subject Component Mountings Plateholders Collimating Mirror How Stable Is Your Table? Basic Lighting for Transmission Master Holograms What Went Wrong? Backlighting and Background Illumination Silhouettes and Black Holes Supine Subjects Frontal Illumination Multiple-Exposure Techniques Masters for Rainbow Holograms Reflection Master Holograms Optical Fiber Systems for Holography Multimode Fibers Single-Mode Fibers Fiber-Optics Holography on Location Portable Cameras with Pulse Lasers References Transfer Reflection Image Holograms Parallax in Transfer Holograms Reflection Transfer Holograms from Transmission Masters How to Deal with Weak Master Images Side and Underneath Beam Master Transfers Role of the Bragg Condition Two-Channel Transfer Holograms Holograms of Stereoscopic Pairs of Photographs Multichannel Images Pellicular Collimating Mirrors Contact Copying of Holograms Contact Copies by Scanning More Advanced Scanning System What Went Wrong? White-Light Transmission Transfer and Rainbow Holograms Full-Aperture Transfer Holograms Rainbow Holograms Geometry of a Rainbow Hologram Slit Width 1D Beam Expander Convergent Reference Beam Multichannel Rainbow Holograms What Went Wrong? Edge-Lit Holograms References Holograms Involving Focusing Optics Demagnifying and Magnifying Image Enlargement and Reduction Focused-Image Transmission Holograms Lenses for Focused-Image Holograms Focused-Image Reflection Holograms Focused-Image Rainbow Holograms Fourier-Transform Holograms References Homemade Optical Elements Liquid-Filled Lenses Working with Acrylic Sheet One-Dimensional Collimators What to Do in Case of Leaks Other Sizes and Focal Lengths Calculations for Designing a Liquid-Filled Lens Two-Dimensional Collimating Lenses Measurements for a Collimating Lens Focusing Lenses Holographic Optical Elements Focal Length in Holographic Lenses and Mirrors Holographic Diffraction Gratings Holographic Lenses Holographic Mirrors and Beamsplitters Holographic Collimating Mirrors Aberrations of HOEs Multibeam HOEs References Portraiture and Pulse Laser Holography Safety Considerations for Pulse Lasers Working with a Pulse Laser Optical Components for Pulsed Holography Typical Layout of Pulse Holography Studio Portraiture in a Pulse Studio Creative Lightning for Pulse Portraiture Pulse Laser Exposure Double and Multiple Pulses Other Pulse Subject Matter Processing of Pulse Laser Holograms Holography in Natural Colors Eye and Color Perception CIE Chromacity Diagram Color Transmission Holograms Denisyuk Holograms in Color Transfer Hologram Copies in Color Color Accuracy Portraiture in Color Color Reproduction in Digitally Printed Holograms Preserving the Color in Color Holograms Future of Color Holography References Further Reading Achromatic and Pseudocolor Holograms Achromatic White-Light Transmission Transfer Holograms Dispersion Compensation Color Image from Dispersion-Compensated WLT Holograms Achromatic Angle for Transmission Masters Achromatic Reflection Holograms Pseudocolor Holograms Pseudocolor Single-Beam Reflection Holograms Pseudocolor H1-H2 Transfer Reflection Holograms Color Registration by Preswelling Color Registration by Geometry How to Obtain Precise Registration by Geometry Pseudocolor White-Light Transmission Holograms Obtaining Better Color Registration for WLT Hologram One-Step Pseudocolor WLT Holograms References Holographic Stereograms Multiplexing Principle Making a Multiplexed Hologram Cylindrical (Cross) Stereograms Making a Cylindrical Cross Stereogram Conical Stereograms Flat Image-Plane Stereograms Scope of Modern Stereographic Imagery Geometries for Producing Original Image Sequences Perspective and Distortion Wide-Angle Distortion Alignment and Spacing of the Images Long-Base Stereograms Image Registration Computer Control of Imagery Making the Final Transfer Do-It-Yourself Stereographic Holoprinter: Basic Considerations Stereogram Masters from Film Transparency Sets or Digitally Projected Images Stereogram Masters from Photographic Prints Images from Liquid Crystal Display Screen as Objects for Stereogram Masters Mastering and Transferring for Achromatic Stereograms Full-Color Stereograms Mastering for Full-Color Stereograms (Red Laser) Transfer for Full-Color Stereograms Color Balance Color Accuracy: WLT or Reflection? Calculating Distances Pr.