Part I An Introduction: Basic Issues and Processes 1 Chapter 1 An Overview of Psychology and Health 1 What Is Health? 2 An Illness/Wellness Continuum 2 Illness Today and in the Past 2 Viewpoints from History: Physiology, Disease Processes, and the Mind 5 Early Cultures 5 Ancient Greece and Rome 5 The Middle Ages 6 The Renaissance and After 6 Seeing a Need: Psychology''s Role in Health 7 Problems in the Health Care System 7 "The Person" in Health and Illness 7 Assess Yourself: What''s Your Lifestyle Like? 8 How the Role of Psychology Emerged 10 Clinical Methods and Issues: Behaviorism''s Legacy: Progress in Health Psychology''s Goals 12 Health Psychology: The Profession 12 Current Perspectives on Health and Illness 13 The Biopsychosocial Perspective 13 Life- Span and Gender Perspectives 15 Related Scientific Fields: Foundations and Connections for Health Psychology 16 Related Fields 17 Highlight: Related Non-psychology Careers 18 Health and Psychology across Cultures 20 Research Methods 21 Experiments 21 Correlational Studies 23 Quasi- Experimental Studies 24 Genetics Research 26 Which Research Method is Best? 28 Chapter 2 The Body''s Physical Systems 30 Module 1: The Nervous System 31 How the Nervous System Works 31 The Central Nervous System 33 The Peripheral Nervous System 35 Clinical Methods and Issues: Biofeedback Treatment for Paralysis 36 Module 2: The Endocrine System 38 The Endocrine and Nervous Systems Working Together 38 Adrenal Glands 39 Other Glands 39 Highlight: Our Physiological Individuality 40 Module 3: The Digestive System 41 Food''s Journey through Digestive Organs 41 Using Nutrients in Metabolism 43 Assess Yourself: How Many Calories Do You Burn While Resting? 44 Module 4: The Respiratory System 44 The Respiratory Tract 44 Respiratory Function and Disorders 45 Module 5: The Cardiovascular System 46 The Heart and Blood Vessels 46 Blood Pressure 47 Blood Composition 49 Cardiovascular Disorders 49 Module 6: The Immune System 50 Antigens 50 The Organs of the Immune System 51 Soldiers of the Immune System 52 Defending the Body with an Immune Response 53 Highlight: When Immune Functions Are Absent 54 Less- Than- Optimal Defenses 54 Part II Stress, Illness, and Coping 57 Chapter 3 Stress-- Its Meaning, Impact, and Sources 57 Experiencing Stress in Our Lives 58 What Is Stress? 58 Appraising Events as Stressful 59 Clinical Methods and Issues: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 60 Dimensions of Stress 61 Biopsychosocial Aspects of Stress 62 Biological Aspects of Stress 62 Psychosocial Aspects of Stress 65 Sources of Stress throughout Life 67 Sources within the Person 67 Sources in the Family 68 Highlight: Gender Differences in Caregiving? 71 Sources in the Community and Society 71 Highlight: Does Environmental Stress Affect Reactivity to New Stressors? 74 Measuring Stress 74 Physiological Arousal 74 Life Events 75 Daily Hassles 77 Chronic Stressors in Specific Domains 78 Assess Yourself: Hassles in Your Life 78 Can Stress Be Good for You? 78 Chapter 4 Stress, Biopsychosocial Factors, and Illness 82 Psychosocial Modifiers of Stress 83 Social Support 83 Assess Yourself: How Much Emotional Support Do You Get? 85 Clinical Methods and Issues: Social Support, Therapy, and Cognitive Processes 89 A Sense of Personal Control 89 Personality Factors in Stress 93 Type A Behaviour and Beyond 95 How Stress Affects Health 98 Stress, Behaviour, and Illness 99 Stress, Physiology, and Illness 99 Psychoneuroimmunology 102 Highlight: Stress and Wound Healing 104 Psychophysiological Disorders 104 Digestive System Diseases 105 Asthma 105 Recurrent Headache 106 Other Disorders 107 Stress and Cardiovascular Disorders 107 Hypertension 107 Highlight: Does Acculturation Increase Blood Pressure? 109 Coronary Heart Disease 109 Stress and Cancer 110 Chapter 5 Coping with and Reducing Stress 112 Coping with Stress 113 What Is Coping? 113 Functions and Methods of Coping 113 Assess Yourself: Your Focuses in Coping 114 Reducing the Potential for Stress 118 Enhancing Social Support 118 Highlight: Do Religiousness and Spirituality Reduce Stress and Enhance Health? 119 Managing Interpersonal Problems 120 Highlight: The Amish Way of Social Support in Bereavement 120 Improving One''s Personal Control 121 Organizing One''s World Better 121 Exercising: Links to Stress and Health 121 Preparing for Stressful Events 122 Reducing Stress Reactions: Stress Management 123 Medication 123 Behavioural and Cognitive Methods 123 Clinical Methods and Issues: The Case of "Bear" 127 Clinical Methods and Issues: Treating Insomnia 129 Massage, Meditation, and Hypnosis 129 Highlight: Can Interventions Curb Adverse Childhood Experiences? 131 Using Stress Management to Reduce Coronary Risk 131 Modifying Type A Behaviour 131 Treating Hypertension 132 Part III Lifestyles to Enhance Health and Prevent Illness 135 Chapter 6 Health- Related Behaviour and Health Promotion 135 Health and Behaviour 136 Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health 136 Highlight: Which Health Behaviours Are Beneficial Against Breast Cancer? 138 Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Preventing Illness 139 Problems in Promoting Wellness 140 What Determines People''s Health- Related Behaviour? 142 General Factors in Health- Related Behaviour 142 The Role of Beliefs and Intentions 144 The Role of Less Rational Processes 149 Developmental, Gender, and Sociocultural Factors in Health 150 Development and Health 150 Gender and Health 153 Sociocultural Factors and Health 153 Programs for Health Promotion 155 Methods for Promoting Health 155 Clinical Methods and Issues: Dialogues to Help People Stop Smoking 157 Promoting Health in Schools and Religious Organizations 159 Worksite and Community- Based Wellness Programs 160 Electronic Interventions for Health Promotion 160 Prevention with Specific Targets: Focusing on Aids 161 Assess Yourself: Your Knowledge About HIV/Aids 162 Chapter 7 Substance Use and Abuse 167 Substance Abuse 168 Addiction and Dependence 168 Processes Leading to Dependence 168 Smoking Tobacco 170 Who Smokes, and How Much? 171 Why People Smoke 172 Highlight: Do Curiosity and Susceptibility "Kill the Cat"? 173 Smoking and Health 175 Highlight: Does Someone Else''s Smoking Affect Your Health? 177 Alcohol Use and Abuse 178 Who Drinks, and How Much? 179 Assess Yourself: What''s True About Drinking? 179 Why People Use and Abuse Alcohol 181 Assess Yourself: Do You Abuse Alcohol? 181 Drinking and Health 183 Highlight: Drinking--Games People Play 183 Drug Use and Abuse 184 Who Uses Drugs, and Why? 184 Highlight: Types and Effects of Drugs 185 Drug Use and Health 187 Reducing Substance Use and Abuse 187 Preventing Substance Use 187 Quitting a Substance without Therapy 190 Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse 192 Highlight: Where Should Treatment Occur, and What Should Bethe Goals and Criteria for Success? 193 Clinical Methods and Issues: Behavioural Methods for Treating Substance Abuse 195 Dealing with the Relapse Problem 197 Chapter 8 Nutrition, Weight Control and Diet, Exercise, and Safety 201 Nutrition 202 Components of Food 202 What People Eat 203 Nutrition and Health 205 Weight Control and Diet 208 Desirable and Undesirable Weights 208 Becoming Overly Fat 210 Highlight: Do "Fat- Bugs" Lead to Overweight? 212 Dieting and Treatments to Lose Weight 215 Highlight: Which "Carbs" to Avoid 216 Clinical Methods and Issues: Problem- Solving Training to Control Weight 218 Anorexia and Bulimia 220 Assess Yourself: Your Weight Control Patterns 221 Exercise 223 The Health Effects of Physical Activity 223 Highlight: Types and Amounts of Healthful Exercise 224 Who Gets Enough Exercise, Who Does Not--And Why? 226 Promoting Exercise Behaviour 227 Safety 229 Accidents 229 Environmental Hazards 230 Part IV Becoming III and Getting Medical Treatment 233 Chapter 9 Using Health Services 233 Types of Health Services 234 Specialized Functions of Practitioners 234 Office- Based and Inpatient Treatment 234 The American Health Care System 235 Health Care Systems in Other Countries 236 Perceiving and Interpreting Symptoms 237 Perceiving Symptoms 237 Highlight: Symptoms by Suggestion? 239 Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms 240 Using and Misusing Health Services 241 Who Uses Health Services? 241 Why People Use, Don''t Use, and Delay Using Health Services 243 Highlight: A New Meaning for "Diehard" Sports Fan 245.