Real-Time Computing Defining the Embedded System Embedded Systems History Hardware Complexity Execution in Real-Time Circuit Fundamentals Electrical Circuit Circuit Concepts and Components Digital Electronics Diode Transistors Logic Gates and Circuit Components Logic Gates Power Supplies Clocked Logic and Flip-Flops Digital Clocks Counters and Frequency Dividers Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Input and Output Devices Obtaining Input Switches Output Devices From Circuit Schematics to PCB Circuit Diagram Circuit Board Design Developing the Circuit Prototype Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) Making Your Own PCB Surface-Mount Components Troubleshooting the Circuit Board Introducing the Microcontroller A Computer on a Chip PICMicro Microcontroller PIC Architecture Architecture and Instruction Set Mid-Range PIC Architecture Data Memory Organization Mid-Range I/O and Peripherals Mid-Range PIC Core Features Mid-Range Instruction Set EEPROM Data Storage Embedded Systems Programming Assembly versus High-Level Languages Integrated Development Environment Simulators and Debuggers Programmers Engineering PIC Software Pseudo Instructions I/O Circuits and Programs Simple Input and Output Template Circuits Simple Circuits and Programs Seven-Segment LED I/O Demo Board Comparisons in PIC Programming PIC Interrupt System Interrupts Interrupt Sources Developing the Interrupt Handler Interrupt Programming Sample Programs Demonstration Programs Timers and Counters Controlling the Time Lapse Delays Using Timer0 Timer0 as a Counter Timer0 Programming Watchdog Timer Demonstration Programs LCD Hardware and Programming Liquid Crystal Display Interfacing with the HD44780 HD44780 Instruction Set LCD Programming Sample Programs Analog-to-Digital and Real-Time Clocks Clocks and the Digital Revolution A/D Converters A/D Integrated Circuits PIC Onboard A/D Hardware Real-Time Clocks Demonstration Programs Data EEPROM EEPROM Programming EEPROM Programming Application Demonstration Programs Stepper Motors Description and Operation Stepper Motor Controls Stepper Motor Circuit Components Circuit Elements Translator Translator/Drivers Power Driver Modules in Circuit Schematics Unipolar Motor Circuits and Programs Stepper Motor Control Circuits Motor Speed Control Unipolar Motor Control Circuits Demonstration Programs Constant-Voltage Bipolar Motor Controls Unipolar versus Bipolar Simple, L293 Bipolar Circuit Demonstration Programs Advanced Motor Controls Choppers and Microstepping Chopper Circuit Fundamentals L297/298 Chopper Circuit A Chopper-Based Demo Board Microstepping Programming PWM Microstepping ICs Demonstration Programs Communications PIC Communications Overview Serial Data Transmission Parallel Data Transmission PIC "Free-Style" Serial Programming PIC Protocol-Based Serial Programming Demonstration Programs Appendix A ¿ Resistor Color Codes Appendix B ¿ Essential Electronics Appendix C ¿ Numeric Data Appendix D ¿ Character Data Appendix E ¿ Digital Arithmetic and Conversions Appendix F ¿ Mid-Range Instruction Set Appendix G ¿ Printed Circuit Boards Appendix H ¿ Additional Code Index.