Preface xiAcknowledgments xiiiCHAPTER 1Overview of Rollover Reconstruction 1General Speed Analysis Approach 4Vehicle Geometry and Inertial Parameters 5Overview of Rollover Test Procedures 7Dolly Rollover Tests 8Rollover Tests Using Modified Dolly Fixtures 10Rollover Tests Using Automated Steering Control 12Controlled Rollover Impact System 18Real-World Rollovers 19References 21CHAPTER 2Physical Evidence from Rollover Crashes 25Scene Evidence 25Vehicle Evidence 38Scene and Vehicle Documentation Checklists 43Site Inspection Checklist 43Vehicle Inspection Checklist 44Photogrammetry 46Rectification 46Camera Matching 47Camera Reverse Projection 50PhotoModeler 52References 53CHAPTER 3Analysis Methods: Rollover Phase 57Average Deceleration Rates 57Determining Likely Number of Rolls from Roll Distance 59Typical Rollover Characteristics 62Mathematical Analysis of the Orientation of Scratcheson the Vehicle 64Reconstruction Methodology - Roll Phase (ConstantDeceleration) 65Case Study: Asay's Isuzu Rodeo Rollover Test (Test #2,2010-01-0521) 67References 71Appendix 72CHAPTER 4Advanced Analysis Methods: Rollover Phase 75Vehicle-to-Ground Impact Model 75Impact Model Equations 75Impulse Ratio (μ) 78Impact Angle () 81Nonconstant Deceleration Models 81Validation of a Nonconstant Deceleration Model 84Reconstruction Methodology: Roll Phase (LinearlyDecreasing Deceleration) 88Case Study: Asay's Isuzu Rodeo Rollover Test 90References 93Appendix 95CHAPTER 5Analysis Methods: Trip Phase 99Trip Modeling and Data 100Trip Modeling without Small Angle Assumptions 103Critical Sliding Velocity 108Case Study: Asay's Isuzu Rodeo Rollover Test(Test #2, 2010-01-0521) 109Source of the Longitudinal Forces 115On-Road Rollovers 118References 118Appendix 120CHAPTER 6Analysis Methods: Loss-of-Control Phase 121Bakker-Nyborg-Pacejka (BNP) and Nicolas-ComstockBrach(NCB) Model 122Martinez-Schlueter Model 124CRASH Model 124Comparison to Full-Scale Tests 125Critical Speed Analysis 130Coefficient of Friction 134Case Study: Asay's Isuzu Rodeo Rollover Test (Test #2,2010-01-0521) 135References 137Appendix 139CHAPTER 7Analyzing Tire Mark Striations 141Mechanisms That Create Striation Evidence 141What Can Striations Tell Us? 144Models for Analyzing Striations 144Slip Angle from Striations (Steering) 145Longitudinal Slip from Striations (Braking) 146Tire Mark Striations - Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis 148Case Study - Striation Analysis 151References 154CHAPTER 8Error Rates of the Speed Analysis Methods 155Reconstructions of the Crash Tests 155Discussion of Reconstruction Results 160References 162CHAPTER 9Advanced Analysis Methods: Simulation 165Introduction 165Human Driver Steering Capability 167Prior Studies Related to Simulating Rollover Crashes 170HVE 170PC-Crash 171Studies Describing the Conceptual Models 171Operational Validation/Calibration Studies 171Studies that Assume the Validity of PC-Crash 173Suspension Parameters for PC-Crash 174Simulation of Asay's Isuzu Rodeo Test 178References 180Appendix 183CHAPTER 10Event Data Recorders in RolloverReconstruction 185EDR Data: Loss-of-Control Phase 186Speed Reported by Passenger Car EDRs 186Effects of Sideslip 189Analysis of EDR Data from the Loss-of-Control Phase 190EDR Data: Trip and Roll Phases 192References 193CHAPTER 11Analyzing Occupant Ejections forRollover Crashes 195The Motion of Ejected Occupants 195Applying the Occupant Ejection Model 201References 204About the Authors 205.