Chapter 1: Geometrical Optics 1.1 Geometrical Optics - Ray and Wave Optics 1 1.2 Fermat''s Principle and the Eikonal Equation 2 1.3 Sequential Geometrical Optics - A Generalised Description 3 1.3.1 Conjugate Points and Perfect Image Formation 4 1.3.2 Infinite Conjugate and Focal Points 4 1.

3.3 Principal Points and Planes 5 1.3.4 System Focal Lengths 6 1.3.5 Generalised Ray Tracing 6 1.3.6 Angular Magnification and Nodal Points 7 1.

3.7 Cardinal Points 8 1.3.8 Object and Image Locations - Newton''s Equation 8 1.3.9 Conditions for perfect image formation - Helmholtz Equation 9 1.4: Behaviour of Simple Optical Components and Surfaces 10 1.4.

1: General 10 1.4.2: Refraction at a Plane Surface and Snell''s Law 10 1.4.3 Refraction at a Curved (Spherical) Surface 11 1.4.4 Refraction at Two Spherical Surfaces (Lenses) 13 1.4.

5 Reflection by a Plane Surface. 14 1.4.6: Reflection from a Curved (Spherical) Surface 15 1.5: Paraxial Approximation and Gaussian Optics 16 1.6 Matrix Ray Tracing 17 1.6.1: General 17 1.

6.2 Determination of Cardinal Points 19 1.6.3: Worked Examples 20 1.6.4: Spreadsheet Analysis 23 Problems 23 Further reading 25 Chapter 2: Apertures Stops & Simple Instruments 1 2.1: Function of Apertures and Stops 1 2.2: Aperture Stops, Chief and Marginal Rays 1 2.

3: Entrance Pupil and Exit Pupil 3 Worked Example - Cooke Triplet 3 2.4: Telecentricity 5 2.5 Vignetting 6 2.6: Field Stops and Other Stops 7 2.7: Tangential and Sagittal Ray Fans 7 2.8 Two Dimensional Ray Fans and Anamorphic Optics 7 2.9 Optical Invariant and Lagrange Invariant 9 2.10 Eccentricity Variable 10 2.

11 Image Formation in Simple Optical Systems 10 2.11.1 Magnifying Glass or Eye Loupe 10 2.11.2 The Compound Microscope 11 2.11.3 Simple Telescope 13 2.11.

4 Camera 14 Problems 16 Further reading 17 Chapter 3: Monochromatic Aberrations 3.1 Introduction 1 3.2 Breakdown of the Paraxial Approximation & Third Order Aberrations 2 3.3 Aberration and Optical Path Difference 6 3.4 General Third Order Aberration Theory 11 3.5 Gauss Seidel Aberrations 12 3.5.1 Introduction 12 3.

5.2 Spherical Aberration 12 3.5.3 Coma 13 3.5.4 Field Curvature 16 3.5.5 Astigmatism 18 3.

5.6 Distortion 19 Worked Example 20 3.6 Summary of Third Order Aberrations 21 3.6.1 OPD Dependence 21 3.6.2 Transverse Aberration Dependence 22 3.6.

3. General Representation of Aberration and Seidel Coefficients 22 Problem Further reading 23 Chapter 4: Aberration Theory and Chromatic Aberration 1 4.1 General Points 1 4.2 Aberration Due to a Single Refractive Surface 1 4.2.1 Aplanatic Points 3 Worked Example 4.1: Microscope Objective 4 4.2.

2 Astigmatism and Field Curvature 5 4.3 Reflection from a Spherical Mirror 7 4.4 Refraction Due to Optical Components 10 4.4.1 Flat Plate 10 Worked Example - Microscope Cover Slip 11 4.4.2 Aberrations of a Thin Lens 12 4.4.

2.1 Conjugate Parameter and Lens Shape Parameter 13 4.4.2.2 General Formulae for Aberration of Thin Lenses 14 4.4.2.3 Aberration Behaviour of a Thin Lens at Infinite Conjugate 16 Worked Example 4.

2: Best Form Singlet 19 4.4.2.3 Aplanatic Points for a Thin Lens 20 Worked Example 4.3: Microscope Objective - Hyperhemisphere plus Meniscus Lens 21 4.5 The Effect of Pupil Position on Element Aberration 23 4.6 ABBE SINE Condition 26 4.7 Chromatic Aberration 28 4.

7.1 Chromatic Aberration and Optical Materials 28 4.7.2 Impact of Chromatic Aberration 30 Worked Example - Lateral Chromatic Aberration and the Huygens Eyepiece 31 4.7.3 The Abbe Diagram for Glass Materials 32 4.7.4 The Achromatic Doublet 33 Worked Example: Simple Achromatic Doublet 34 4.

7.5 Optimisation of an Achromatic Doublet (Infinite Conjugate) 35 Worked Example - Detailed design of 200 mm focal length achromatic doublet. 35 4.7.6 Secondary Colour 37 4.7.8 Spherochromatism 39 4.8 Hierarchy of Aberrations 39 Problems Further reading 42 Chapter 5: Aspheric Surfaces and Zernike Polynomials 5.

1: Introduction 1 5.2 Aspheric Surfaces 1 5.2.1 General Form of Aspheric Surfaces 1 5.2.2 Attributes of Conic Mirrors 2 Worked Example -Simple Mirror Based Magnifier 3 5.2.3 Conic Refracting Surfaces 4 5.

2.4 Optical Design Using Aspheric Surfaces 5 5.3: Zernike Polynomials 6 5.3.1: Introduction 6 5.3.2 Form of Zernike Polynomials 8 5.3.

3 Zernike Polynomials and Aberration 11 Worked Example 13 5.3.3 General Representation of Wavefront Error 14 5.3.4 Other Zernike Numbering Conventions 15 Problem Further reading 17 Chapter 6: Diffraction, Physical Optics and Image Quality 6.1 Introduction 1 6.2 The Eikonal Equation 2 6.3 Huygens Wavelets and the Diffraction Formulae 3 6.

4 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Approximation 5 6.5 Diffraction in an Optical System - The Airy Disc 6 Worked Example: Microscope Objective 10 6.6 The Impact of Aberration on System Resolution 10 6.6.1 The Strehl Ratio 10 6.6.2 The Maréchal Criterion 11 Worked Example 12 6.6.

3 The Huygens Point Spread Function 13 6.7 Laser Beam Propagation 13 6.7.1 Far Field Diffraction of a Gaussian Laser Beam 13 Worked Example - Beam Divergence of a Fibre Laser 14 6.7.2 Gaussian Beam Propagation 15 Worked Example - Rayleigh Distance of Fibre Laser 17 6.7.3 Manipulation of a Gaussian beam 17 Worked example - Gaussian Beam Manipulation 18 6.

7.4 Diffraction and Beam Quality 18 6.7.5 Hermite Gaussian Beams 19 6.7.6 Bessel Beams 21 6.8 Fresnel Diffraction 21 6.9 Diffraction and Image Quality 24 6.

9.1 Introduction 24 6.9.2 Geometric Spot Size 25 6.9.3 Diffraction and Image Quality 26 6.9.4 Modulation Transfer Function 27 Worked Example 29 6.

9.5 Other Imaging Tests 29 Problems Further reading 31 Chapter 7: Radiometry and Photometry 7.1 Introduction 1 7.2 Radiometry 1 7.2.1 Radiometric Units 1 7.2.2 Significance of Radiometric Units 2 7.

2.3 Ideal or Lambertian Scattering 3 7.2.4 Spectral Radiometric Units 4 7.2.5 Blackbody Radiation 5 7.2.6 Étendue 6 Worked Example: Flux Calculation 8 7.

3 Scattering of Light from Rough Surfaces 8 7.5 Scattering of Light from Smooth Surfaces 10 Worked Example 13 7.6 Radiometry and Object Field Illumination 13 7.6.1 Köhler illumination 13 7.6.2 Use of Diffusers 14 7.6.

3 The Integrating Sphere 15 7.6.3.1 Uniform Illumination 15 7.6.3.2 Integrating Sphere Measurements 17 7.6.

4 Natural Vignetting 17 7.7 Radiometric Measurements 18 7.7.1 Introduction 18 7.7.2 Radiometric Calibration 18 7.7.2.

1 Substitution Radiometry 18 7.7.2.2 Reference Sources 19 7.7.2.3 Other Calibration Standards 21 7.8 Photometry 21 7.

8.1 Introduction 21 7.8.2 Photometric Units 21 7.8.3 Illumination Levels 22 7.8.4 Colour 24 7.

8.4.1 Tristimulus Values 24 7.8.4.2 RGB Colour 25 7.8.5 Astronomical Photometry 26 Problems Further reading 29 Chapter 8: Polarisation and Birefringence 8.

1: Introduction 1 8.2 Polarisation 1 8.2.1 Plane Polarised Waves 1 8.2.3 Circularly and Elliptically Polarised Light 3 8.2.4 Jones Vector Representation of Polarisation 4 8.

2.5 Stokes Vector Representation of Polarisation 5 Worked Example 6 8.2.6 Polarisation and Reflection 7 Worked Example 9 8.2.7 Directional Flux - Poynting Vector 10 8.3 Birefringence 11 8.3.

1 Introduction 11 8.3.2 The Index Ellipsoid 13 Worked Example 14 8.3.3 Propagation of Light in a Uniaxial Crystal - Double Refraction 15 Worked Example: Double Refraction in Calcite 16 8.3.4 ''Walk-off'' in Birefringent Crystals 17 Worked Example - Walk Off Angle 19 8.3.

5 Uniaxial Materials 19 8.3.6 Biaxial Crystals 19 8.4 Polarisation Devices 20 8.4.1 Waveplates 20 8.4.2 Polarising Crystals 21 8.

4.3 Polarising Beamsplitter 23 8.4.4 Wire Grid Polariser 23 8.4.5 Dichroitic Materials 24 8.4.6 The Faraday Effect and Polarisation Rotation 24 8.

5 Analysis of Polarisation Components 25 8.5.1 Jones Matrices 25 Worked Example: Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal 27 8.5.2 Müller Matrices 28 8.6 Stress Induced Birefringence 29 Problems Further reading 32 Chapter 9: Optical Materials 9.1 Introduction 1 9.2 Refractive Properties of Optical Materials 2 9.

2.1 Transmissive Materials 2 9.2.1.1 Modelling Dispersion 2 Worked Example: Abbe Number of SCHOTT BK7® 4 9.2.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Refractive Index 5 9.

2.1.3 Temperature Coefficient of Refraction for Air 7 9.2.2 Behaviour of Reflective Materials 8 Worked Example: Reflectivity of Aluminium 10 9.2.3 Semiconductor Materials 12 9.3 Transmission Characteristics of Materials 14 9.

3.1 General 14 9.3.2 Glasses 14 9.3.3 Crystalline Mat.