Table of Contents Summary Introduction Chapter One Introduction, Methodology, Limitations 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Climate Change 1.3 Climate Adaptation 1.4 Spatial Planning 1.5 Complexity and Time Horizons 1.6 Problem Statement, Objective, Point of Departure and Research Questions 1.7 Methodology 1.

8 Limitations 1.9 Key Concepts and Timeline 1.10 The Chapters The Bridge: One-Two Chapter Two Towards a Spatial Planning Framework for Climate Adaptation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Problem Statement 2.3 Objective 2.4 Methodology 2.5 Literature Review 2.

5.1 Adaptive and Dynamic Approaches in Spatial Planning 2.5.2 The Spatial Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems 2.6 The Framework 2.6.1 Aggregated Spatial Elements 2.6.

2 Definition of Time Rhythms: Layers 2.6.3 Linking Spatial Elements with Layers 2.7 Validation 2.7.1 Prevailing Regional Plan 2.7.2 A Climate-Adaptive Regional Plan 2.

7.3 Conclusion 2.8 Discussion 2.9 Conclusion The Bridge: Two-Three Chapter Three Developing a Planning Theory for Wicked Problems: Swarm Planning 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Problem Statement 3.3 Approach 3.4 Current Planning Paradigms 3.

4.1 A Selection of Prevailing Planning Paradigms 3.4.2 A review of Two Years of Planning Journals 3.5 Exploring Complexity 3.5.1 Complexity Theory 3.5.

2 Cities as Complex Systems 3.5.3 Use of Complexity in Planning 3.5.4 Proposition: Swarm Planning 3.5.5 Bendigo 3.6 Conclusion The Bridge: Three-Four Chapter Four Incremental Change, Transition or Transformation? Optimising Change Pathways for Climate Adaptation in Spatial Planning 4.

1 Introduction 4.2 Research Approach 4.3 Analysis of Change Processes 4.3.1 Incremental Change 4.3.2 Transition 4.3.

3 Transformation 4.4 Comparison 4.4.1 Criteria 4.4.2 Comparison 4.5 Theorising Transformation 4.6 Signals 4.

6.1 Early Warning 4.6.2 Creation 4.7 Application in the Peat Colonies 4.8 Conclusion The Bridge: Four-Five Chapter Five The Use of Spatial Planning to Increase the Resilience for Future Turbulence in the Spatial System of the Groningen Region to Deal with Climate Change 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.

2.1 Climate Change 5.2.2 Challenges of Complexity in Planning 5.3 The Groningen Case 5.3.1 Understanding the System: Mapping Climate and Energy Potentials 5.3.

2 Improving Resilience: Use of Swarm Planning Paradigm 5.3.3 Strategic Interventions: the Groningen Impulses 5.3.4 Steer the Swarm 5.4 The Groningen Case Discussed 5.4.1 Mapping 5.

4.2 Idea Map 5.4.3 Interventions 5.4.4 In the Real World 5.5 Conclusions The Bridge: Five-Six Chapter Six Swarming Landscapes, New Pathways for Resilient Cities 6.1 Introduction 6.

2 Dealing with Uncertainty 6.3 Swarms 6.4 Complex Adaptive Spatial Systems 6.5 Swarm Planning 6.6 Swarm Planning Example: Floodable Landscape 6.7 Conclusion and Discussion The Bridge: Six-Seven Chapter Seven Quadruple the Potential: Scaling the Energy Supply 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Supra-Regional Scale: North Netherlands 7.

3 The Regional Scale: Groningen 7.4 The City-Neighbourhood Scale: Almere East and Hoogezand 7.4.1 Almere East 7.4.2 Hoogezand: The Green Campaign 7.4.3 Experiences with Energy Potential Studies 7.

5 The Building Scale: River House Mildura 7.6 Interdependencies 7.7 Discussion The Bridge: Seven-Eight Chapter Eight Beyond the Ordinary: Innovative Spatial Energy Framework Offers Perspectives on Increased Energy and Carbon Objectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Problem 8.3 Hypothesis 8.4 State of the Art in Renewable Energy Thinking 8.5 Energy and Spatial Planning: an Underestimated Relationship 8.

6 Towards an Innovative Methodology: the Groningen Case 8.6.1 Energy Potential Mapping (EPM) 8.6.2 Conceptual Design 8.6.3 Swarm Planning 8.6.

4 Findings 8.7 Conclusions The Bridge: Eight-Nine Chapter Nine Swarm Planning for Climate Change: An Alternative Pathway for Resilience 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodology 9.3 Analysis 9.3.1 Climate Change 9.3.

2 Spatial Planning 9.4 Problem Statement 9.5 Swarm Planning 9.5.1 Complexity 9.5.2 The Layer Approach 9.5.

3 Key Elements of Swarm Planning 9.5.4 Application of the Theory 9.6 Comparing Regular Planning with Swarm Planning< 9.6.1 The Province of Groningen 9.6.1.

1 Regional Plan 9.6.1.2 Zero-Fossil Region 9.6.1.3 Findings 9.6.

2 The Peat Colonies 9.6.2.1 Agenda for the Peat Colonies 9.6.2.2 Net Carbon-Capture Landscape 9.6.

2.3 Findings 9.7 Conclusion and Discussion The Bridge: Nine-Ten Chapter Ten Conclusion, Discussion and Recommendations 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Research Questions 10.3 Primary Research Question One: Developing a Planning Framework 10.3.1 Research Question A 10.

3.2 Research Question B 10.3.3 Research Question C 10.3.4 Research Question D 10.3.5 Summary of the Findings PRQ1 10.

4 Primary Research Question Two: Application of the Planning Framework 10.4.1 Research Question E 10.4.2 Research Question F 10.4.3 Research Question G 10.4.

4 Research Question H 10.4.5 Additional Analysis: The Bendigo Design 10.4.6 BAU and Swarm Planning Compared 10.4.7 Summary of the Findings PRQ2 10.5 Swarm Planning Framework 10.

6 Discussion 10.6.1 Limitations of the Framework 10.6.2 Use and Outcomes of the Framework 10.6.3 Weaknesses of the Framework 10.6.

4 Reflection on Research Process 10.6.5 Final Recommendations.