Preface to The Seventh Edition xvii Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 History And Concept of Boundaries 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Significance of Boundaries 3 1.3 Boundary References 4 1.4 Terminus: The God (or Goddess) of Boundaries 6 1.5 Disputes and Boundaries 7 1.6 Role of the Surveyor in Boundaries 9 1.7 What Is Being Created? What Is Being Located? 13 1.

8 Original Written Title 15 1.9 Rights and Interests in Land Are Composed of a Bundle of Rights 16 1.10 Role of the Court 19 1.11 Real and Personal Property 20 1.12 What Constitutes Real Property 21 1.13 Nature of Modern Estates 24 1.14 Taxes on Land and Tax Maps 25 1.15 Easements and Licenses 25 1.

16 Servitudes, Restrictions, Covenants, and Conditions 29 1.17 Actions on Boundaries and Easements 30 1.18 One Unique Parcel or Boundary 31 1.19 The Original Boundaries Are Sacred 31 1.20 Conclusions 32 Chapter 2 How Boundaries Are Created 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Definitions 36 2.3 Classification of Boundaries 39 2.

4 Methods of Boundary Creation 40 2.5 Who May Create Boundaries? 43 2.6 Sanctity of the Original Survey 47 2.7 Original Lines Remain Fixed 47 2.8 Distinctions between the Original Boundary Survey, the Retracement Survey, and the First Survey 48 2.9 Original Technological Methods of Boundary Creation Not Relatable to Modern Methods 49 2.10 Original Lines May Be Redescribed As a Result of a Retracement 50 2.11 Conclusions 50 Chapter 3 Ownership, Transfer, And Description Of Real Property And Accompanying Rights 53 3.

1 Concepts of Boundaries, Land Ownership, and Land Descriptions 53 3.2 Overview of Boundaries 55 3.3 Public and Private Lands 58 3.4 Sources of Title 59 3.5 Voluntary Transfer of Real Property 60 3.6 Chain of Title 60 3.7 Torrens Title System 61 3.8 Unwritten Rights or Title to Land 62 3.

9 Methods of Voluntary Transfer of Title 63 3.10 Deed or Description 64 3.11 Title or Lien 65 3.12 Deed of Trust 65 3.13 Mortgage 65 3.14 Escrow 66 3.15 Title Assurance and Title Insurance 66 3.16 Abstractors 67 3.

17 Attorney''s Opinion 68 3.18 General Land Descriptions 68 3.19 What Is in a Description? 68 3.20 Measurements 69 3.21 Magnetic Directions 74 3.22 Reference Datums 75 3.23 Elements of Land Descriptions 77 3.24 Types of Descriptions 77 3.

25 Conclusions 80 Chapter 4 Boundaries, Law, And Related Presumptions 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Constitutional Law and the Surveyor 82 4.3 Jurisdiction 83 4.4 Federal Jurisdiction 83 4.5 Federal Government, Agency, or Officer as a Party 84 4.6 Sovereign Immunity 84 4.7 United States as a Defendant 85 4.

8 Disposing of Federal Lands 85 4.9 Color of Title Act 85 4.10 Public Law 120 86 4.11 Small Tracts Act 86 4.12 Researching the Laws 86 4.13 Court Reports 87 4.14 Legal Research 88 4.15 Judicial Notice 89 4.

16 Evidence 90 4.17 Presumptions 92 4.18 Common Presumptions 93 4.19 Survey Systems Present in the United States 94 4.20 Conclusions 97 Chapter 5 Creation And Interpretation Of Metes And Bounds And Other Nonsectionalized Descriptions 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Methods of Creating Metes and Bounds or Nonsectionalized Descriptions 103 5.3 Metes Descriptions 103 5.

4 Bounds Descriptions 106 5.5 Combination Metes and Bounds Descriptions 107 5.6 Strip Descriptions and Stationing 108 5.7 Descriptions by Reference 109 5.8 Aliquot Descriptions 109 5.9 Other Means of Creating Boundaries in Descriptions 111 5.10 Nomenclature in Metes and Bounds Descriptions 113 5.11 Adjoiners 121 5.

12 Deed Terms for Curves 121 5.13 Lines and Their Elements 123 5.14 Tax Descriptions and Abbreviated Descriptions 130 5.15 Subdivision Descriptions 132 5.16 Parcels Created by Protraction 134 5.17 Features of Platting Acts 134 5.18 Writing Land Descriptions 135 5.19 Early Surveys 135 5.

20 Priority of Calls in Metes and Bounds Surveys 138 5.21 Applying Priority Calls 139 5.22 Conclusions 141 Chapter 6 Creation And Retracement Of Glo Boundaries 143 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Original Surveys and Corrective Surveys 146 6.3 Law, Manuals, and Special Instructions 146 6.4 Effect of Manuals on Resurveys 147 6.5 History of the Public Land Survey System 148 6.

6 Testing Ground: The Seven Ranges 149 6.7 Act of May 18, 1796--Clarification of 1785 154 6.8 Acts of 1800 156 6.9 1803--The System Explodes 159 6.10 Act of March 26, 1804 160 6.11 Act of February 11, 1805 160 6.12 Land Surveys after 1805 163 6.13 Survey Instructions 164 6.

14 State Instructions and Statutes 169 6.15 Instruments Used 177 6.16 Field Notes 179 6.17 Nomenclature for Sections 179 6.18 Meandering 179 6.19 Resurveys and Retracements 179 6.20 Defective Boundaries Encountered in Resurveys 181 6.21 Sectionalized Surveys and Innovations 182 6.

22 Irregular Original Government Subdivisions 182 6.23 Townships Other Than Regular 182 6.24 Summary of the GLO System 184 Chapter 7 Federal And State Nonsectionalized Land Surveys 188 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 Early New England and Other Colonial-Era Surveys 189 7.3 Ohio Company of Associates 192 7.4 Donation Tract 193 7.5 Symmes Purchase 193 7.

6 Virginia Military District 194 7.7 United States Military Tract 195 7.8 Connecticut Western Reserve and Firelands 195 7.9 Moravian Tracts 196 7.10 Florida Keys Survey 196 7.11 Donation Land Claims 197 7.12 Exchange Surveys and Their Status 197 7.13 Prior Land Grants from Foreign Governments 197 7.

14 French Grants in the Louisiana Purchase 198 7.15 Mississippi Townships 202 7.16 Soldier''s Additional Homestead 203 7.17 Indian Allotment Surveys 203 7.18 National Forest Homestead Entry 203 7.19 Tennessee Townships 203 7.20 Florida: Forbes Company Purchase Surveys 205 7.21 Georgia Lot System 206 Surveys in the Noncontinental United States 210 7.

22 General Comments 210 7.23 Hawaiian Land Laws 210 7.24 Puerto Rican Land Surveys 213 7.25 Federal Mineral Surveys: General Comments 216 7.26 Water and Mineral Right Laws 216 7.27 Land Open to Appropriation of Minerals 217 7.28 Veins, Lodes, or Ledges 217 7.29 Extralateral and Intralimital Rights 218 7.

30 Mill Sites 220 7.31 Tunnel Locations 220 7.32 Size of Claims 220 7.33 Discovery 221 7.34 Locations 221 7.35 Possession 222 7.36 Annual Expenditures 222 7.37 Requirements for Patent 222 7.

38 United States Mineral Surveyors 223 7.39 Survey of the Claim 223 7.40 Conclusions 224 Chapter 8 Locating Easements And Reversions 226 8.1 Introduction 226 8.2 Rights Granted 229 8.3 Fee Title or Easement Right 232 8.4 Three Easement Descriptions and Three Boundaries 233 8.5 Ownership of the Bed of Easements 233 8.

6 Surveyor''s Responsibility as to Easements 233 8.7 Requirements for Locating Easements 234 8.8 Centerline Presumption 235 8.9 Conveyances with Private Way Boundaries 236 8.10 Use of Easements 237 8.11 Revival of Public Easements 237 8.12 Creation of Easement Boundaries 237 8.13 Dividing Private Street Ownership 240 8.

14 Words Used in Centerline Conveyances 241 8.15 Apportioning Reversion Rights 241 8.16 General Principle of Reversion 242 8.17 Reversion Rights of a Lot on a Curved Street 243 8.18 Lots Adjoining Two Subdivision Boundaries 244 8.19 Lots at an Angle Point in a Road 245 8.20 Indeterminate Situations 246 8.21 Exceptions to the Rules of Apportionment 247 8.

22 Describing Vacated Streets and Easements 248 8.23 Litigating Easements 250 8.24 Conclusions 250 Chapter 9 Riparian And Littoral Boundaries 252 9.1 Introduction 252 9.2 Ownership of the Seas 256 9.3 Ownership of the U.S. Territorial Sea 256 9.

4 Ownership of Interior Tidal Waters of the United States 258 9.5 Landward Boundary of Tidal Waters 259 9.6 Ownership of Nontidal Navigable Waters 262 9.7 Landward Boundaries of Nontidal Waters 263 9.8 Significance of Public Land Survey Meander Lines 264 9.9 Ownership of Non-Publicly Owned Submerged Lands 266 9.10 Swamp and Overflowed Lands 267 9.11 Navigational Servitude 268 9.

12 Public Regulation of Riparian and Littoral Lands 268 9.13 Shoreline Changes and Water Boundaries 270 9.14 Apportionment of Riparian and Littoral Rights 272 9.15 Emergent or Omitted Islands 277 9.16 Water Boundaries other Than Sea 277 9.17 Major Recognized Areas 278 9.18 Conclusions and Recommendations 278 Chapter 10 Retracing And "Resurveying" Sectionalized Lands 281 10.1 Introduction 281 10.

2 Areas of Authority 286 10.3 Resurvey or Retracement 287 10.4 Types of Surveys and Resurveys 288 10.5 Court of Proper Jurisdiction 290 10.6 Federal Patents 291 10.7 Intent of the Government 291 10.