List of Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Preface xix 1 Land Degradation and Restoration: Implication and Management Perspective 1 Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Sharad Nema and Kiran Bargali 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Land Degradation in Developed and Developing World 3 1.3 Land Degradation Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 4 1.4 Land Degradation and Restoration: A Response Framework 6 1.5 Soil Erosion and Desertification: Problems and Challenges 6 1.6 Forest Degradation 7 1.7 Land Restoration 8 1.

8 Ecological Restoration of Degraded Land through Afforestation Activities 8 1.9 Achieving Land Degradation Neutral (LDN) through Sustainable Land Use Management (SLM) 10 1.10 Sustainable Soil/Land Management: Challenge and Opportunities 14 1.11 Policy and Roadmap For Land Management and Sustainability 14 1.12 Conclusion 15 References 15 2 Land Resources and Its Degradation in Asia: Its Control and Management 23 Liliwirianis N., Nurun Nadhirah Md. Isa and Mohd Nazip Suratman 2.1 Introduction 24 2.

2 Types of Land Resources 25 2.3 Causes of Land Resources Degradation 26 2.3.1 Urbanization 26 2.3.2 Deforestation 27 2.3.3 Land Clearing 29 2.

3.4 Security of Access 29 2.3.5 Overgrazing and Overharvesting 29 2.3.6 Pollution 30 2.3.7 Quarrying of Stone, Sand, Ore, and Minerals 30 2.

3.8 Climate Change 30 2.3.9 Agricultural 31 2.4 Major Threats, Implications, and Effects 31 2.4.1 Economy 31 2.4.

2 Food Sources 32 2.4.3 Loss of Biodiversity 32 2.5 Management of Land Resources 33 2.5.1 Management of Deforestation 33 2.5.2 Agricultural Intensification Management 35 2.

5.3 Management of Overgrazing 35 2.5.4 Management of Irrigation 36 2.5.5 Management of Mining 36 2.5.6 Management of Inventory Data 36 2.

6 Policy Strategies and Future Roadmap against Land Degradation 37 2.7 Conclusion 39 References 39 3 Deforestation Activities in Ezekoro Forest: Implications for Climate Change Risks in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria 47 Joe-Ikechebelu Ngozi Nneka, Akanwa Angela Oyilieze, Akanwa Chimezie David, Okafor Kenebechukwu Jane, Dike Keyna, Idakwo Victor Iko-Ojo, Omoruyi Fredrick Aideniosa, Nkwocha Kelechi Friday, Enwereuzo, Angela Chinelo, Umeh, Uche Marian, Ogbuehi, Emmanuel Okwudili and Agu, Helen Obioma 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Concept of Environmental Justice and Indiscriminate Deforestation/Tree Loss 51 3.3 Study Area 53 3.4 Materials and Method 56 3.5 Results and Discussion 59 3.5.

1 Sample Characteristics 59 3.5.2 Discussion 63 3.6 Conclusion 69 References 70 4 Land Degradation and Its Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 77 Pawan Ekka, Subhashree Patra, Manjari Upreti, Gajendra Kumar, Amit Kumar and Purabi Saikia 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Land Degradation: Causes and Consequences 79 4.3 Land Degradation and Major Environmental Challenges 84 4.4 Restoration of Degraded Land 85 4.

5 Sustainable Land Management 87 4.6 Recommendation and Future Research Prospects 90 4.7 Conclusions 90 References 91 5 The Vulnerability of Forest Resources to Climate Change 103 Faezah Pardi, Hasya Hannani Ruziman and Mohd Nazip Suratman 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 Causes of Climate Change 105 5.2.1 Land-Use Change 105 5.2.

2 Deforestation 106 5.2.3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 108 5.2.4 Urbanization 109 5.2.5 Emissions of Pollutants 110 5.2.

6 Agriculture 111 5.3 Climate Change Affecting Forest Ecosystems 112 5.4 The Migration of Tree Species 114 5.5 The Replacement of Native Species by Exotic Species 117 5.6 The Economic Loss in the Forest Products Industry 118 5.7 Policy Strategies and Future Roadmap against Forest Vulnerability to Climate Change 119 5.8 Conclusion 122 References 123 6 Impact of Continuous Cover Forestry on Forest Systems 133 Ana Cristina Gonçalves 6.1 Introduction 133 6.

2 Continuous Cover Forestry 136 6.3 Forest Management under Continuous Cover Forestry 143 6.4 Challenges and Future Outlook of Continuous Cover Forestry 148 6.5 Conclusions 150 Funding 151 References 151 7 Forest Landscape Restoration for Environmental Management 161 Nur Nadiah Md Yusof, Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta, Siti Hasnah Kamarudin, Norashirene Mohamad Jamil, Siti Nurbaya Supardan and Mohd Nazip Suratman 7.1 Introduction 162 7.2 Forest Landscape Restoration 164 7.3 Types of FLR 165 7.3.

1 Forest Land 165 7.3.2 Agricultural Land 166 7.4 Benefits of FLR on the Environment/Ecosystem 167 7.4.1 Healthy, Resilient and Productive Ecosystems 168 7.4.2 Improved Sustainable Provision of Ecosystem Services 169 7.

4.3 Biodiversity Conservation 169 7.4.4 Global and Local Climate Resilience 170 7.5 FLR Partnerships 170 7.6 Techniques and Tools in FLR 171 7.7 Implementation of FLR 180 7.7.

1 Visioning 180 7.7.2 Conceptualizing 182 7.7.3 Acting 183 7.7.4 Sustaining 184 7.8 Forest Landscape Assessment 185 7.

9 Conclusion 186 References 186 8 Ecological Restoration of Degraded Land through Afforestation Activities 201 P. R. Oraon, Vidya Sagar and Kumari Beauty 8.1 Introduction 202 8.2 Concept of Ecological Restoration 203 8.3 Global Scenario of Land Degradation 203 8.4 Perspective of Land Degradation 204 8.5 Land Degradation under Changing Climate 206 8.

6 Afforestation for Climate Change Mitigation 207 8.7 Afforestation for Problematic Soil and Land Management 208 8.7.1 Saline-Alkaline Soils 208 8.7.2 Afforestation in Waterlogged/Marshy Land 209 8.7.3 Afforestation in Mined-Out Areas 209 8.

7.4 Afforestation in Coastal and Sandy Areas 210 8.8 Policy Initiative in Land Degradation and Afforestation 210 8.9 Conclusion 211 References 212 9 Sustaino-Resilient Agroforestry for Climate Resilience, Food Security and Land Degradation Neutrality 217 Dinesha S., Suraj R. Hosur, Toushif P. K., Divya Bodiga, Deepthi Dechamma N.

L., Ashwath M. N. and Devbratha Pradhan 9.1 Introduction 218 9.2 Is Agroforestry a Sustaino-Resilient Model? 219 9.2.1 Components of AF 220 9.

2.1.1 Perennials 220 9.2.1.2 Crops 221 9.2.1.

3 Livestock 221 9.2.2 Sustaino-Resilient Agroforestry Practices 221 9.2.2.1 Integrated Agroforestry Systems 222 9.2.2.

2 Organic-Agroforestry 224 9.2.2.3 Natural Farming-Assisted Agroforestry 225 9.2.2.4 Perma-Agroforestry 225 9.2.

2.5 Precision-Agroforestry 226 9.2.2.6 Horticulture Intervention in Agroforestry 226 9.2.2.7 Bamboo-Based Agroforestry 227 9.

2.2.8 Medicinal Perennials Intervention in Agroforestry 227 9.2.2.9 Industrialized Agroforestry 228 9.2.3 Improved vs.

Traditional Agroforestry Practices 228 9.3 Agroforestry for Climate Resilience 229 9.3.1 World Context 230 9.3.2 Indian Context 230 9.4 Agroforestry for Food Security 231 9.4.

1 World Context 231 9.4.2 Indian Context 235 9.5 Agroforestry for Land Degradation Neutrality 235 9.5.1 World Context 236 9.5.2 Indian Context 236 9.

6 The Way Forward 237 9.7 Conclusion 238 Acknowledgement 238 References 238 10 Land and Environmental Management through Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) System 247 Kamlesh Verma, Prashant Sharma, D.R. Bhardwaj, Raj Kumar, Nasam Midhun Kumar and Alok Kumar Singh 10.1 Introduction 248 10.2 AFOLU and Climate Change 249 10.2.1 Trend of GHGs Emission from Agriculture 249 10.

2.2 Trend of GHGs Emission from Forestry and Other Land Use System 251 10.3 Role of AFOLU in Land and Environment Management 252 10.3.1 Agriculture Sector 254 10.3.2 Forestry and Other Land Use 256 10.4 Co-Benefit from AFOLU 258 10.

5 Challenges 259 10.6 Opportunities: the Way Forward and Future Perspective 261 10.7 Conclusion 262 References 262 11 Eco-Restoration of Degraded Forest Ecosystems for Sustainable Development 273 Bhimappa Honnappa Kittur, Abhishek Raj, Anup P. Upadhyay, Manoj Kumar Jhariya and Arnab Banerjee 11.1 Introduction 274 11.2 Forest Cover and Degradation 274 11.3 Indicators of Forest Degradation 276 11.4 Criteria for Assessment of Forest Degradation 277 11.

5 Forest Ecosystem Restoration 277 11.6 The Restoration Indicators 279 11.6.1 Social and Economic Context 279 11.6.2 Ecological Context 280 11.6.3 Silvicultural Context 280 11.

7 Restoration through SFM and Afforestation 281 11.8 Forest Resilience 281 11.9 Forest Recovery 282 11.10 Policy and Future Roadmap 286 11.11 Conclusion 286 References 286 12 Forest for Sustainable Development 293 Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Bharat Lal, Taher Mechergui, Annpurna Devi and Ghanshyam 12.1 Introduction 294 12.2 World Forest: An Overview 295 12.3 Forest under Changing Climate 296 12.

4 Forest for Ecosystem Services 297 12.5 Forest for Soil Management 299 12.6 Forest for Food and Nu.