The first large-scale immigration by Ukrainians to the United States coincided with the rise of industrialization in the late 1800s. Upon arriving in America, many Ukrainians took jobs in the coal mines of Pennsylvania but also worked in the foundries and steel mills of such cities as Chicago, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh. After the Soviet Union formally took control of Ukraine in 1922, the number of Ukrainian immigrants tapered off. During this period of Communist rule, the majority of Ukrainian immigrants were displaced persons, or DPs, who had fled Ukraine and had spent time in post-World War II refugee camps. Since Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, approximately 200,000 Ukrainians have settled in the United States. Book jacket.