About the AuthorAcknowledgmentsPreface to the InstructorTo the Student--How to Use SPSS With This BookPART I: INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSChapter 1: Introduction to Statistics 1.1 The Use of Statistics in Science 1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1.3 Research Methods and Statistics 1.4 Scales of Measurement 1.5 Types of Variables for Which Data Are Measured 1.6 Research in Focus: Evaluating Data and Scales of Measurement 1.7 SPSS in Focus: Entering and Defining Variables Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in Tables and Graphs 2.

1 Why Summarize Data? 2.2 Frequency Distributions for Grouped Data 2.3 Identifying Percentile Points and Percentile Ranks 2.4 SPSS in Focus: Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data 2.5 Frequency Distributions for Ungrouped Data 2.6 Research in Focus: Summarizing Demographic Information 2.7 SPSS in Focus: Frequency Distributions for Categorical Data 2.8 Graphing Distributions: Continuous Data 2.

9 Graphing Distributions: Discrete and Categorical Data 2.10 Research in Focus: Frequencies and Percents 2.11 SPSS in Focus: Histograms, Bar Charts, and Pie Charts Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency 3.1 Introduction to Central Tendency 3.2 Measures of Central Tendency 3.3 Characteristics of the Mean 3.4 Choosing an Appropriate 3.5 Research in Focus: Describing Central Tendency 3.

6 SPSS in Focus: Mean, Median, and Mode Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability 4.1 Measuring Variability 4.2 The Range and Interquartile Range 4.3 Research in Focus: Reporting the Range 4.4 The Variance 4.5 Explaining Variance for Populations and Samples 4.6 The Computational Formula for Variance 4.7 The Standard Deviation 4.

8 What Does the Standard Deviation Tell Us? 4.9 Characteristics of the Standard Deviation 4.10 SPSS in Focus: Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsPART II: PROBABILITY AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICSChapter 5: Probability, Normal Distributions, and z Scores 5.1 Introduction to Probability 5.2 Calculating Probability 5.3 Probability and the Normal Distribution 5.4 Characteristics of the Normal Distribution 5.5 Research in Focus: The Statistical Norm 5.

6 The Standard Normal Distribution and z Scores 5.7 A Brief Introduction to the Unit Normal Table 5.8 Locating Proportions 5.9 Locating Scores 5.10 SPSS in Focus: Converting Raw Scores to Standard z Scores Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 6: Characteristics of the Sample Mean 6.1 Selecting Samples From Populations 6.2 Selecting a Sample: Who''s In and Who''s Out? 6.3 Sampling Distributions: The Mean 6.

4 The Standard Error of the Mean 6.5 Factors That Decrease Standard Error 6.6 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean 6.7 APA in Focus: Reporting the Standard Error 6.8 Standard Normal Transformations With Sampling Distributions Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 7: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and Power 7.1 Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing 7.2 Four Steps to Hypothesis Testing 7.3 Hypothesis Testing and Sampling Distributions 7.

4 Making a Decision: Types of Error 7.5 Testing for Significance: Examples Using the z Test 7.6 Research in Focus: Directional Versus Nondirectional Tests 7.7 Measuring the Size of an Effect: Cohen''s d 7.8 Effect Size, Power, and Sample Size 7.9 Additional Factors That Increase Power 7.10 SPSS in Focus: A Preview for Chapters 8 to 14 7.11 APA in Focus: Reporting the Test Statistic and Effect Size Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsPART III: MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT ONE OR TWO MEANSChapter 8: Testing Means: One-Sample t Test With Confidence Intervals 8.

1 Going From z to t 8.2 The Degrees of Freedom 8.3 Reading the t Table 8.4 Computing the One-Sample t Test 8.5 Effect Size for the One-Sample t Test 8.6 Confidence Intervals for the One-Sample t Test 8.7 Inferring Significance and Effect Size From a Confidence Interval 8.8 SPSS in Focus: One-Sample t Test and Confidence Intervals 8.

9 APA in Focus: Reporting the t Statistic and Confidence Intervals Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 9: Testing Means: Two- Independent-Sample t Test With Confidence Intervals 9.1 Introduction to the Between-Subjects Design 9.2 Selecting Samples for Comparing Two Groups 9.3 Variability and Comparing Differences Between Two Groups 9.4 Computing the Two-Independent- Sample t Test 9.5 Effect Size for the Two-Independent- Sample t Test 9.6 Confidence Intervals for the Two-Independent-Sample t Test 9.7 Inferring Significance and Effect Size From a Confidence Interval 9.

8 SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent- Sample t Test and Confidence Intervals 9.9 APA in Focus: Reporting the t Statistic and Confidence Intervals Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 10: Testing Means: Related-Samples t Test With Confidence Intervals 10.1 Related-Samples Designs 10.2 Introduction to the Related-Samples t Test 10.3 Computing the Related-Samples t Test 10.4 Measuring Effect Size for the Related-Samples t Test 10.5 Confidence Intervals for the Related-Samples t Test 10.6 Inferring Significance and Effect Size From a Confidence Interval 10.

7 SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples t Test and Confidence Intervals 10.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the t Statistic and Confidence Intervals Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsPART IV: MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT THE VARIABILITY OF TWO OR MORE MEANSChapter 11: One-Way Analysis of Variance: Between- Subjects and Within- Subjects (Repeated- Measures) Designs 11.1 An Introduction to Analysis of Variance 11.2 The Between-Subjects Design for Analysis of Variance 11.3 Computing the One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA 11.4 Post Hoc Tests: An Example Using Tukey''s HSD 11.5 SPSS in Focus: The One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA 11.6 The Within-Subjects Design for Analysis of Variance 11.

7 Computing the One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA 11.8 Post Hoc Tests for the Within-Subjects Design 11.9 SPSS in Focus: The One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA 11.10 A Comparison of Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Designs for ANOVA: Implications for Power 11.11 APA in Focus: Reporting the Results of the One-Way ANOVAs Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 12: Two-Way Analysis of Variance: Between-Subjects Factorial Design 12.1 Introduction to Factorial Designs 12.2 Structure and Notation for the Two-Way ANOVA 12.3 Describing Variability: Main Effects and Interactions 12.

4 Computing the Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA 12.5 Analyzing Main Effects and Interactions 12.6 Measuring Effect Size for Main Effects and the Interaction 12.7 SPSS in Focus: The Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA 12.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the Results of the Two-Way ANOVAs Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsPART V: MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT PATTERNS, PREDICTION, AND NONPARAMETRIC TESTSChapter 13: Correlation and Linear Regression 13.1 The Structure of Data Used for Identifying Patterns and Making Predictions 13.2 Fundamentals of the Correlation 13.3 The Pearson Correlation Coefficient 13.

4 SPSS in Focus: Pearson Correlation Coefficient 13.5 Assumptions and Limitations for Linear Correlations 13.6 Alternatives to Pearson: Spearman, Point-Biserial, and Phi 13.7 SPSS in Focus: Computing the Alternatives to Pearson 13.8 Fundamentals of Linear Regression 13.9 Using the Method of Least Squares to Find the Regression Line 13.10 Using Analysis of Regression to Determine Significance 13.11 SPSS in Focus: Analysis of Regression 13.

12 A Look Ahead to Multiple Regression 13.13 APA in Focus: Reporting Correlations and Linear Regression Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsChapter 14: Chi-Square Tests: Goodness of Fit and the Test for Independence 14.1 Distinguishing Parametric and Nonparametric Tests 14.2 The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 14.3 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 14.4 Interpreting the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 14.5 The Chi-Square Test for Independence 14.6 Measures of Effect Size for the Chi-Square Test for Independence 14.

7 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Test for Independence 14.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the Chi-Square Tests Chapter Summary Organized by Learning Objective Key Terms End-of-Chapter ProblemsAfterword: A Final Thought on the Role of Statistics in Research MethodsAppendix A: Basic Math Review and Summation Notation A.1 Positive and Negative Numbers A.2 Addition A.3 Subtraction A.4 Multiplication A.5 Division A.6 Fractions A.

7 Decimals and Percents A.8 Exponents and Roots A.9 Order of Computation A.10 Equations: Solving for x A.11 Summation Notation Key Terms Review ProblemsAppendix B. SPSS General Instructions GuideAppendix C. Statistical Tables Table C.1 The Unit Normal Table Table C.

2 Critical Values for the t Distribution Table C.3 Critical Values for the F Distribution Table C.4 The Studentized Range Statistic (q) Table C.5 Critical Values for the Pearson Correlation Table C.6 Critical Values for the Spearman Correlation Table C.7 Critical Values for Chi-Square (c2)Appendix D: Solutions for Even-Numbered ProblemsGlossaryReferencesIndex.