How to Use This Book;Preface; A Book for Browsing; Like an Almanac; Like a News Magazine; Like a Hypertext Database; Programs on the Web; About Unix Versions; Cross-References; What''s New in the Third Edition; Typefaces and Other Conventions; The Authors; The Fine Print; Request for Comments; Acknowledgments for the First Edition; Acknowledgments for the Second Edition; Acknowledgments for the Third Edition;Part I: Basic Unix Environment; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 What''s Special About Unix?; 1.2 Power Grows on You; 1.3 The Core of Unix; 1.4 Communication with Unix; 1.5 Programs Are Designed to Work Together; 1.6 There Are Many Shells; 1.7 Which Shell Am I Running?; 1.

8 Anyone Can Program the Shell; 1.9 Internal and External Commands; 1.10 The Kernel and Daemons; 1.11 Filenames; 1.12 Filename Extensions; 1.13 Wildcards; 1.14 The Tree Structure of the Filesystem; 1.15 Your Home Directory; 1.

16 Making Pathnames; 1.17 File Access Permissions; 1.18 The Superuser (Root); 1.19 When Is a File Not a File?; 1.20 Scripting; 1.21 Unix Networking and Communications; 1.22 The X Window System; Chapter 2: Getting Help; 2.1 The man Command; 2.

2 whatis: One-Line Command Summaries; 2.3 whereis: Finding Where a Command Is Located; 2.4 Searching Online Manual Pages; 2.5 How Unix Systems Remember Their Names; 2.6 Which Version Am I Using?; 2.7 What tty Am I On?; 2.8 Who''s On?; 2.9 The info Command;Part II: Customizing Your Environment; Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Unix Shell; 3.

1 What Happens When You Log In; 3.2 The Mac OS X Terminal Application; 3.3 Shell Setup Files -- Which, Where, and Why; 3.4 Login Shells, Interactive Shells; 3.5 What Goes in Shell Setup Files?; 3.6 Tip for Changing Account Setup: Keep a Shell Ready; 3.7 Use Absolute Pathnames in Shell Setup Files; 3.8 Setup Files Aren''t Read When You Want?; 3.

9 Gotchas in set prompt Test; 3.10 Automatic Setups for Different Terminals; 3.11 Terminal Setup: Testing TERM; 3.12 Terminal Setup: Testing Remote Hostname and X Display; 3.13 Terminal Setup: Testing Port; 3.14 Terminal Setup: Testing Environment Variables; 3.15 Terminal Setup: Searching Terminal Table; 3.16 Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size; 3.

17 Terminal Setup: Setting and Testing Window Name; 3.18 A .cshrc.$HOST File for Per Host Setup; 3.19 Making a "Login" Shell; 3.20 RC Files; 3.21 Make Your Own Manpages Without Learning troff; 3.22 Writing a Simple Manpage with the -man Macros; Chapter 4: Interacting with Your Environment; 4.

1 Basics of Setting the Prompt; 4.2 Static Prompts; 4.3 Dynamic Prompts; 4.4 Simulating Dynamic Prompts; 4.5 C-Shell Prompt Causes Problems in vi, rsh, etc.; 4.6 Faster Prompt Setting with Built-ins; 4.7 Multiline Shell Prompts; 4.

8 Session Info in Window Title or Status Line; 4.9 A "Menu Prompt" for Naive Users; 4.10 Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts; 4.11 Right-Side Prompts; 4.12 Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL; 4.13 What Good Is a Blank Shell Prompt?; 4.14 dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd; 4.15 External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables; 4.

16 Preprompt, Pre-execution, and Periodic Commands; 4.17 Running Commands When You Log Out; 4.18 Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout; 4.19 Stop Accidental Bourne-Shell Logouts; Chapter 5: Getting the Most out of Terminals, xterm, and X Windows; 5.1 There''s a Lot to Know About Terminals; 5.2 The Idea of a Terminal Database; 5.3 Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In; 5.4 Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm; 5.

5 Querying Your xterm Size: resize; 5.6 Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In; 5.7 Find Out Terminal Settings with stty; 5.8 Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters; 5.9 Working with xterm and Friends; 5.10 Login xterms and rxvts; 5.11 Working with Scrollbars; 5.12 How Many Lines to Save?; 5.

13 Simple Copy and Paste in xterm; 5.14 Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes; 5.15 Setting the Titlebar and Icon Text; 5.16 The Simple Way to Pick a Font; 5.17 The xterm Menus; 5.18 Changing Fonts Dynamically; 5.19 Working with xclipboard; 5.20 Problems with Large Selections; 5.

21 Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows; 5.22 Running a Single Command with xterm -e; 5.23 Don''t Quote Arguments to xterm -e; Chapter 6: Your X Environment; 6.1 Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap; 6.2 Using xev to Learn Keysym Mappings; 6.3 X Resource Syntax; 6.4 X Event Translations; 6.5 Setting X Resources: Overview; 6.

6 Setting Resources with the -xrm Option; 6.7 How -name Affects Resources; 6.8 Setting Resources with xrdb; 6.9 Listing the Current Resources for a Client: appres; 6.10 Starting Remote X Clients;Part III: Working with Files and Directories; Chapter 7: Directory Organization; 7.1 What? Me, Organized?; 7.2 Many Homes; 7.3 Access to Directories; 7.

4 A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts; 7.5 Private (Personal) Directories; 7.6 Naming Files; 7.7 Make More Directories!; 7.8 Making Directories Made Easier; Chapter 8: Directories and Files; 8.1 Everything but the find Command; 8.2 The Three Unix File Times; 8.3 Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u; 8.

4 List All Subdirectories with ls -R; 8.5 The ls -d Option; 8.6 Color ls; 8.7 Some GNU ls Features; 8.8 A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files; 8.9 Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a; 8.10 Useful ls Aliases; 8.11 Can''t Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name; 8.

12 Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames; 8.13 Counting Files by Types; 8.14 Listing Files by Age and Size; 8.15 newer: Print the Name of the Newest File; 8.16 oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links; 8.17 Picking a Unique Filename Automatically; Chapter 9: Finding Files with find; 9.1 How to Use find; 9.2 Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree; 9.

3 Don''t Forget -print; 9.4 Looking for Files with Particular Names; 9.5 Searching for Old Files; 9.6 Be an Expert on find Search Operators; 9.7 The Times That find Finds; 9.8 Exact File-Time Comparisons; 9.9 Running Commands on What You Find; 9.10 Using -exec to Create Custom Tests; 9.

11 Custom -exec Tests Applied; 9.12 Finding Many Things with One Command; 9.13 Searching for Files by Type; 9.14 Searching for Files by Size; 9.15 Searching for Files by Permission; 9.16 Searching by Owner and Group; 9.17 Duplicating a Directory Tree; 9.18 Using "Fast find" Databases; 9.

19 Wildcards with "Fast find" Database; 9.20 Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database; 9.21 grepping a Directory Tree; 9.22 lookfor: Which File Has That Word?; 9.23 Using Shell Arrays to Browse Directories; 9.24 Finding the (Hard) Links to a File; 9.25 Finding Files with -prune; 9.26 Quick finds in the Current Directory; 9.

27 Skipping Parts of a Tree in find; 9.28 Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem; Chapter 10: Linking, Renaming, and Copying Files; 10.1 What''s So Complicated About Copying Files; 10.2 What''s Really in a Directory?; 10.3 Files with Two or More Names; 10.4 More About Links; 10.5 Creating and Removing Links; 10.6 Stale Symbolic Links; 10.

7 Linking Directories; 10.8 Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links; 10.9 Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files; 10.10 Renaming a List of Files Interactively; 10.11 One More Way to Do It; 10.12 Copying Directory Trees with cp -r; 10.13 Copying Directory Trees with tar and Pipes; Chapter 11: Comparing Files; 11.1 Checking Differences with diff; 11.

2 Comparing Three Different Versions with diff3; 11.3 Context diffs; 11.4 Side-by-Side diffs: sdiff; 11.5 Choosing Sides with sdiff; 11.6 Problems with diff and Tabstops; 11.7 cmp and diff; 11.8 Comparing Two Files with comm; 11.9 More Friendly comm Output; 11.

10 make Isn''t Just for Programmers!; 11.11 Even More Uses for make; Chapter 12: Showing What''s in a File; 12.1 Cracking the Nut; 12.2 What Good Is a cat?; 12.3 "less" is More; 12.4 Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c; 12.5 What''s in That Whitespace?; 12.6 Finding File Types; 12.

7 Squash Extra Blank Lines; 12.8 How to Look at the End of a File: tail; 12.9 Finer Control on tail; 12.10 How to Look at Files as They Grow; 12.11 GNU tail File Following; 12.12 Printing the Top of a File; 12.13 Numbering Lines; Chapter 13: Searching Through Files; 13.1 Different Versions of grep; 13.

2 Searching for Text with grep; 13.3 Finding Text That Doesn''t Match; 13.4 Extended Searching for Text with egrep; 13.5 grepping for a List of Patterns; 13.6 Approximate grep: agrep; 13.7 Search RCS Files with rcsgrep; 13.8 GNU Context greps; 13.9 A Multiline Context grep Using sed; 13.

10 Compound Searches; 13.11 Narrowing a Search Quickly; 13.12 Faking Case-Insensitive Searches; 13.13 Finding a Character in a Column; 13.14 Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"; 13.15 Finding Words Inside Binary Files; 13.16 A Highlighting grep; Chapter 14: Removing Files; 14.1 The Cycle of Creation and Destruction; 14.

2 How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes; 14.3 rm and Its Dangers; 14.4 Tricks for Making rm Safer; 14.5 Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes; 14.6 Remove Some, Leave Some; 14.7 A Faster Way to Remove Files Interactively; 14.8 Safer File Deletion in Some Directories; 14.9 Safe Delete: Pros and Cons; 14.

10 Deletion with Prejudice: rm -f; 14.11 Deleting Files with Odd Names; 14.12 Using Wildcards to Delete Files with Strange Names; 14.13 Handling a Filename Starting with a Dash (-); 14.14 Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name; 14.15 Removing a Strange File by its i-number; 14.16 Problems Deleting Directories; 14.17 Deleting Stale Files; 14.

18 Removing Every File but One; 14.19 Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files; Chapter 15: Optimizing Disk Space; 15.1 Disk Space Is Cheap; 15.2 Instead of Removing a File, Empty It; 15.3 Save Space with "Bit Bucket" Log Files and Mailboxes; 15.4 Save Space with a Link; 15.5 Limiting File Sizes; 15.6 Compressing Files to Save Space; 15.

7 Save Space: tar and compress a Directory Tree; 15.8 How Much Disk Space?; 15.9 Compressing a Directory Tree: Fine-Tuning; 15.10 Save Space in Executable Files with strip; 15.11 Disk Quotas;Pa.