Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology The Renal System Kidneys (external) The Nephrons The Functions of the Kidney Kidney Blood Supply Urine Formation Hormonal Control of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Composition of Urine Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra Male Urethra Female Urethra Micturition Conclusion References Glossary of Terms MCQs Chapter 2 Renal System Assessment Assessing Needs History Taking Effective Communication The Health History Application of the Patient History to Renal System Conditions Introduction and Establishing Rapport Chief Complaint and Presenting Symptoms History of Present Illness Pain Assessment Past Medical History Medication History Allergy History Family History Dietary Habits, Including Salt and Fluid Intake Social History Occupational History Review of Systems Urinary Habits Fluid Intake and Output Weight Fluid Balance Charts Psychosocial History Patient Concerns and Expectations Patient Education Needs The Physical Examination Specific Gravity Additional Factors Conclusion References Glossary of Terms MCQs Chapter 3 Pyelonephritis Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Pyelonephritis Epidemiology Risk Factors Clinical Presentation Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis Clinical Investigations Management Health Teaching Conclusion References Glossary of Terms MCQs Chapter 4 Acute Kidney Injury Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury Categorisation of AKI Epidemiology Risk Factors Clinical Presentation Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis The History Physical Examination Investigation and Tests Laboratory Tests Management Health teaching Conclusion References Glossary of Terms MCQs Chapter 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Acute Kidney Injury Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Chronic Kidney Injury Epidemiology Risk Factors Clinical Presentation Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis Categorisation of CKD Medical History and Physical Examination Investigations and Tests Management Health Teaching Conclusion References Glossary MCQs Chapter 6 Renal Calculi Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Renal Calculi Epidemiology Risk Factors Clinical Presentation Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis Physical Examination Clinical Investigations Management Health Teaching Conclusion References Glossary of Terms MCQs Chapter 7 Bladder Cancer Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Bladder Cancer Epidemiology Risk Factors Clinical Presentation Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis History Taking Physical Examination Staging of Bladder Cancer Bladder Cancer Grading Investigations Management Treating Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Treating Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Health Teaching Conclusion References Glossary of Terms MCQs Chapter 8 Urinary tract infection Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Urinary Tract Infection Epidemiology Risk Factors Clinical Presentation Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis History Taking The Physical Examination Clinical Investigations Obtaining a Midstream Specimen of Urine Management Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Health Teaching Conclusion References Glossary of Terms MCQs MCQ Answers Index.