Contributors xv Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii Prefixes and Suffixes xxix Abbreviations xli About the Companion Website xliii 1 Introduction to Pharmacology, Children and Young People 1 Introduction to Pharmacology 2 Professional Framework 2 The Importance and Value of Medicine Within Healthcare 3 Therapeutic Pharmacology 3 Social Prescribing 4 Safety Within Paediatric Care 5 Medicines Optimisation 5 Medicines 6 Medicine Management 6 Safety: Rights of Medication Administration 7 Specific Considerations for Babies, Children and Young People 7 Infancy 7 Adolescents 9 Tablets 10 Distraction Techniques 10 Conclusion 11 Glossary 11 References 12 Further Resources 12 Multiple Choice Questions 13 Find Out More 14 2 How to Use Pharmaceutical and Prescribing Reference Guides 17 Introduction 18 The British National Formulary and the British National Formulary for Children 19 Paper Copy BNFc 19 How to navigate the BNFc 19 Online and Mobile Application BNFc 23 Monthly Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS) 24 Electronic Medicines Compendium 26 What can be Prescribed on an NHS Prescription? 26 Other Guides to Prescribing 27 The Evidence Base to Prescribing: Prescribing Guidelines 28 Conclusion 30 References 30 Further Resources 30 Multiple Choice Questions 30 3 Legal and Ethical Issues 33 Introduction 34 The Law 34 The Bolam Test 35 The Children Act 2004 36 Duty of Care and Healthcare 37 Regulation of Healthcare 37 Ethical Principles and Theories 38 Research 39 Children and Young People who are under 16 years - Gillick and Fraser Guidance 42 Assessing and Promoting Competence 42 Parental Responsibility 43 Medication Adherence and Administration 43 Conclusion 44 References 45 Further Resources 47 Multiple Choice Questions 47 Find Out More 48 4 Medicines Management and the Role of the Healthcare Provider Working with Children, Young People and Families 49 Introduction 50 Being an Accountable Professional 51 Nursing and Midwifery Council 51 Employer and Colleagues 51 Promoting Health and Preventing Ill Health 52 Holistic Assessment 52 Assessing Needs and Planning Care 53 SelfMedication 55 Complementary and Alternative Medication (CAM) 58 Planning 58 Providing and Evaluating Care 58 Checking 59 Evaluation 59 Leading and Managing Nursing Care and Working in Teams 60 Improving Safety and Quality 62 Coordinating Care 63 Conclusion 65 References 65 Further Resources 66 Multiple Choice Questions 66 Find Out More 68 5 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics 69 Introduction 70 Royal Pharmaceutical Society 70 The Nursing and Midwifery Council 70 Pharmacokinetics 70 Think Paediatrics 79 Pharmacodynamics 81 Conclusion 85 Glossary 85 References 85 Further Resources 87 Multiple Choice Questions 87 6 Drug Formulations 89 Introduction 90 Licensing of Paediatric Medicines 90 Types of Formulations 91 Excipients 96 Enteral Feeding Tubes 97 Displacement Values 100 Conclusion 101 Glossary 101 References 101 Further Resources 103 Multiple Choice Questions 103 Find Out More 105 7 Medications Used in the Cardiovascular System 107 Introduction 108 Gross Anatomy Related to Cardiovascular System (CVS) Pharmacology 108 Cardiovascular Drugs Affecting Chronic Conditions 110 Anticoagulant Medications 112 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors 113 Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists 114 Peripheral Alpha Antagonist or AlphaAdrenergic Blockers: ''Alpha Blockers'' 114 Cardiovascular Drugs for Use in Acute Clinical Scenarios 114 Electrophysiological System Recap 114 Drugs with an Inotropic Effect 117 Drugs with a Chronotropic Effect 121 Conclusion 123 Glossary 124 References 124 Further Resources 125 Multiple Choice Questions 126 Find Out More 127 8 Medications Used in the Renal System 129 Introduction 130 Anatomy and Physiology of the Renal System 130 Common Renal Conditions 132 Nephrotic Syndrome 132 Treatment of MCNS 134 Drugs Used to Treat Electrolyte Disorders 138 Conclusion 145 Glossary 145 References 146 Further Resources 147 Multiple Choice Questions 148 Find Out More 149 9 Medications Used in the Endocrine System 151 Introduction 152 The Endocrine System 152 Medications Used in Endocrine Disorders Affecting Growth 154 Endocrine Disorders of Puberty 157 Drugs Used to Block Puberty or the Action of Sex Steroids 160 Drugs Used to Reduce the Action of Sex Steroids 161 Medications Used in Disorders of the Adrenal Glands 162 Medications Used in the Management of Diabetes 163 Conclusion 163 Glossary 169 References 169 Further Resources 170 Multiple Choice Questions 170 Find Out More 172 10 Medications Used in the Respiratory System 173 Introduction 174 Asthma 175 Croup 177 Bronchiolitis 178 Pneumonia 178 Cystic Fibrosis 179 Respiratory Medicines 180 Antibiotics 187 Mucolytics 188 Other Respiratory Drugs 188 Conclusion 189 Glossary 190 References 190 Further Resources 191 Multiple Choice Questions 191 Find Out More 192 11 Medications Used in the Gastrointestinal System 195 Introduction 196 Overview of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System 196 The Stomach 197 Small Intestines 198 The Liver 199 The Gallbladder 199 The Pancreas 199 The Large Intestine 199 GastroOesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) 200 Enteral Feeding Tubes and Medication Administration 204 Constipation 208 Crohn''s Disease 211 Conclusion 214 Glossary 214 References 215 Further Resources 216 Multiple Choice Questions 216 Find Out More 218 12 Medications Used in the Nervous System 219 Introduction 220 Epilepsy 221 Guillain-Barre Syndrome 228 Migraine 230 Status Migrainosus 234 Conclusion 234 Glossary 234 References 234 Further Resources 237 Multiple Choice Questions 237 Appendix 1: AEDs Used in Treatment of Childhood Epilepsy 239 13 The Immune System and Immunisations 241 Introduction 242 Types of Immunity 242 How Immunisations Work 243 Immunisation and Public Health 245 Immunisation Schedule 246 Vaccine Uptake 246 The ''Cold Chain'' 248 Patient Specific Directions and Patient Group Directives 248 Administration of Vaccines 248 Common Reactions and Anaphylaxis 250 Communication with the Child and Family 251 The Green Book 252 Conclusion 252 Glossary 252 References 252 Further Resources 253 Multiple Choice Questions 253 Find Out More 255 14 Medications and the Integumentary System 257 Introduction 258 Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System 258 The Epidermis 258 Common Skin Conditions 259 Conclusion 270 Glossary 271 References 271 Further Resources 272 Multiple Choice Questions 272 Find Out More 274 15 Medications Used in Children and Young People''s Mental Health 275 Introduction 276 What Is Psychopharmacology? 276 Medications 276 Conclusion 288 Glossary 288 References 289 Further Resources 290 Multiple Choice Questions 291 Find Out More 292 16 Medications Used in Children and Young People''s cancer 293 Introduction 294 Cancer 294 Cell Cycle 295 Chemotherapies 296 Immunotherapies in Treating Cancer 301 Corticosteroid Use in Cancer 308 Conclusion 312 Glossary 312 References 312 Further Resources 314 Multiple Choice Questions 314 Find Out More 316 17 Analgesics 317 Introduction 318 Pain Pathways 318 Definitions and Categories of Pain 319 Importance of Individualised Pain Assessments 320 Assessment Tools 321 Multimodal Management Strategies 323 Pharmacological Management 324 Nonopioids 325 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NAIDs) 327 Opioid Agonists 327 Codeine Phosphate 331 Dihydrocodeine 331 Tramadol 331 Morphine 332 Fentanyl 332 Adjuvants and Coanalgesics - Gabapentinoids 333 Inhalation Analgesics 333 Local, Regional and Topical Analgesia 334 Conclusion 337 Glossary 337 References 338 Further Resources 340 Multiple Choice Questions 341 Find Out More 342 18 Antimicrobial Medications 343 Introduction 344 Microorganisms 344 Antimic.