Taxonomy and diversity. Life span and reproduction. Energy allocation. Morphology and anatomy. Gametogenesis and vitellogenesis. Insemination and sperm storability. Brooders and shedders. Larval development.

Translocation and in-vitro incubation. Sexual reproduction . Gonochorism. PGCs and Sexualization. Sex ratio. Alternative Mating Strategy (AMS). Fecundity. Senescence and menopause.

Oviparity and ovoviviparity. Hermaphroditism . Simultaneous. Protandry. Protogyny. Androdioecy. Parthenogenesis . Obligatory and facultative.

Cyclic. Geographic. Asexual reproduction . ESCs and agametism-Hemocoelomates and elimination of ESCs. Exceptional Taxa-Regeneration. Sex Determination . Karyotype. Heterogamety.

Ploidy induction. Genomics and sexonomics. Sex Differentiation . Endocrine glands. Neuroendocrines: Ablation of eyestalks and androgenic glands. Castration and ovariectomy: Endocrine disruption. Parasitic castration. Social induction of sex by food.

Cysts. Atremia and aquaculture. Geographical distribution. Diapause. Resting stages. Sperm preservation.