1. INTRODUCTION Terminology Terms used in describing movement Nervous system Introduction Cellular structure Interneural connections Myelination Structure of a peripheral nerve The peripheral nervous system Components of the musculoskeletal system Connective tissue Skeletal tissue Muscular tissue Joints Spin, roll and slide Levers Skin and its appendages Introduction Structure Appendages of the skin Glands Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the skin Nerves of the skin Application Early embryology Stages in development 2. THE UPPER LIMB Introduction Development of the musculoskeletal system Mesodermal somites Development of the l.imbs Bones The scapula The clavicle The humerus The radiius The ulna The carpus The metacarpus The phalanges Muscles Movements of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles retracting the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles protracting the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles elevating the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles laterally rotating the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles medially rotating the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles stabilizing the clavicle Movements of the shoulder joint Muscles abducting the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles flexing the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles extending the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles adducting the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles medially rotating the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles laterally rotating the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles flexing the elbow joint Muscles extending the elbow joint Muscles supinating the forearm Muscles pronating the forearm Muscles flexing the wrist Muscles extending the wrist Muscles flexing the fingers Muscles flexing the thumb Muscles extending the fingers Muscles extending the thumb Muscles abducting/adducting/opposing the thumb Muscles abducting/adducting/opposing the fingers Fasciae of the upper limb Simple activities of the upper limb Joints The pectoral girdle The sternoclavicular joint The acromioclavicular joint The shoulder joint The elbow joint Radioulnar articulations The superior radioulnar joint The inferior radioulnar joint The wrist The radiocarpal joint The intercarpal joints The midcarpal joint Articulations within the hand The metacarpophalangeal joint The intermetacarpal joints The interphalangeal joint Joints of the thumb The interphalangeal joints Nerve supply The brachial plexus Dermatomes of the upper limb Blood supply The arteries and pulses The veins Lymphatics Superficial nodes and lymph vessels Deep nodes and lymph vessels Application 3. THE LOWER LIMB Introduction Development of the musculoskeletal system Mesodermal somites Development of the limbs Bones Pelvic girdle The innominate (hip) bone The sacrum The coccyx The femur The patella The tibia The fibula The bony structure of the foot The tarsal bones The metatarsals The phalanges Muscles Muscles around the hip joint Muscles extending the hip joint Muscles abducting the hip joint Muscles adducting the hip joint Muscles flexing the hip joint Muscles medially rotating the hip joint Muscles laterally rotating the hip joint Muscles producing movement of the knee joint Muscles flexing the knee joint Muscles extending the knee joint Muscles laterally rotating the tibia at the knee joint Muscles medially rotating the tibia at the knee joint Muscles plantarflexing the ankle joint Muscles dorsiflexing the ankle joint Muscles inverting the foot Muscles everting the foot Muscles extending the toes Muscles flexing the toes Abduction and adduction of the toes Muscles abducting the toes Muscles adducting the toes Fasciae of the lower limb Simple activities of the lower limb Joints Joints of the pelvis The sacroiliac joint The symphysis pubis The lumbosacral joint The sacrococcygeal joint The hip joint The knee joint Tibiofibular articulations The ankle joint Joints of the foot Nerve supply Introduction The lumbar plexus The lumbosacral plexus The sacral plexus Dermatomes of the lower limb Blood supply The arteries The veins Lymphatics Superficial drainage Deep drainage 4. THE TRUNK AND NECK Introduction Embryological development of the vertebrae The vertebral column Bones Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae The vertebral column The thoracic cage The ribs The sternum Muscles Muscles producing movements of the trunk and thorax Muscles flexing the trunk Muscles extending the trunk Muscles rotating the trunk Muscles laterally flexing the trunk Muscles raising intra-abdominal pressure The inguinal canal Muscles of the pelvic floor Muscles producing inspiration Muscles producing expiration Fasciae of the trunk Simple activities of the trunk Muscles of the neck Muscles flexing the neck Muscles flexing the head and neck Muscles flexing the head on the neck Muscles laterally flexing the neck Muscles laterally flexing the head and neck Muscles laterally flexing the head on the neck Muscles extending the neck Muscles extending the head and neck Muscles extending the head on the neck Muscles rotating the neck Muscles rotating the head and neck Muscles rotating the head on the neck Joints Articulations of the vertebral column Joints between vertebral bodies The uncovertebral joints Joints between vertebral arches The zygapophyseal joints The atlantoaxial articulations The atlanto-occipital joint Joints of the thorax Articulations of the ribs and their costal cartilages Nerve supply The cervical plexus The spinal cord The autonomic nervous system The cardiovascular system Introduction Development The heart The great vessels The respiratory system Introduction Development Upper respiratory tract The lungs and pleura The digestive system Introduction Development Oral cavity Pharynx and oesophagus Abdomen and pelvis Abdominal regions Chewing and swallowing The urogenital system Introduction Development of the urinary system The urinary system Development of genital system Female reproductive system The endocrine system Glands 5. HEAD AND BRAIN Bones Introduction The skull The mandible The hyoid bone Muscles Muscles which change the shape of the face Movements of the eyebrows Muscles around the eye Muscles around the nose Muscles around the mouth Muscles moving the mandible Muscles elevating the mandible Muscles retracting the mandible Muscles protracting the mandible Muscles depressing the mandible Muscles depressing the hyoid bone Muscles elevating the hyoid bone Mastication and swallowing (deglutition) Joints The temporomandibular joint The ear, eye and brain The ear The eye The brain INDEX.