Nutrition and the Host Response to Infection and Injury Nutrition and Illness Host Response to Injury Unintended Weight Loss Multimodal Nutritional Support Using Bioactive Peptides Summary and Conclusions References Bioactive Peptides for Nutrition and Health Legislation Bioactive Peptides and Proteins Applications of Protein Supplements for Health Perspectives on Human Trial Data Summary and Conclusions Appendices References Dietary Protein Requirements for Health Introduction Dietary Protein Quality Relation to Health Protein Requirements and Health Dietary Protein and Host Responses to Illness Peptides and Protein Bioactivity Types of Dietary Protein Health Effects Summary and Conclusion Appendices References Protein Turnover and Economics within the Body Protein Turnover and Wasting Baseline Whole Body Protein Turnover Regional Protein Turnover Nutrients and Protein Turnover Slow and Fast Proteins Summary and Conclusions References Major Processes for Muscle Gain and Loss Introduction Myostatin Muscle Cell Death and Atrophy Proteolysis via Ubiquitin Proteasome Further Signaling Pathways for Muscle Atrophy Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Hypertrophy Summary and Conclusions Appendix 5.A.1 Details of mTOR Signaling References Inflammation and Innate Immune Response Types of Inflammation Proinflammatory Signaling Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Peptides and Supplements In VivoApplications and Controlled Trials Summary and Conclusions References Infection and Sepsis Introduction Pathogen Recognition and Intracellular Signaling Host Antimicrobial Peptides Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides In VivoApplications and Human-Trials of AMPs Summary and Conclusions References Anabolic Dysfunction Introduction Insulin and Muscle Protein Metabolism Growth Hormone and IGF-1 Growth Hormone Secretagogues Leucine, BCAA, and Related Peptides In VivoApplications and Clinical Trials References Bioactive Peptides for Alleviating Illness Anorexia Illness Anorexia Leptin and Food Intake Melanocortin Peptides Ghrelin Other Bioactive Peptides for Moderating Appetite In Vivo Studies and Controlled Trials Summary and Conclusions References y and Conclusion Appendices References Protein Turnover and Economics within the Body Protein Turnover and Wasting Baseline Whole Body Protein Turnover Regional Protein Turnover Nutrients and Protein Turnover Slow and Fast Proteins Summary and Conclusions References Major Processes for Muscle Gain and Loss Introduction Myostatin Muscle Cell Death and Atrophy Proteolysis via Ubiquitin Proteasome Further Signaling Pathways for Muscle Atrophy Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Hypertrophy Summary and Conclusions Appendix 5.A.1 Details of mTOR Signaling References Inflammation and Innate Immune Response Types of Inflammation Proinflammatory Signaling Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Peptides and Supplements In VivoApplications and Controlled Trials Summary and Conclusions References Infection and Sepsis Introduction Pathogen Recognition and Intracellular Signaling Host Antimicrobial Peptides Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides In VivoApplications and Human-Trials of AMPs Summary and Conclusions References Anabolic Dysfunction Introduction Insulin and Muscle Protein Metabolism Growth Hormone and IGF-1 Growth Hormone Secretagogues Leucine, BCAA, and Related Peptides In VivoApplications and Clinical Trials References Bioactive Peptides for Alleviating Illness Anorexia Illness Anorexia Leptin and Food Intake Melanocortin Peptides Ghrelin Other Bioactive Peptides for Moderating Appetite In Vivo Studies and Controlled Trials Summary and Conclusions ReferencesBioactive Peptides and Supplements In VivoApplications and Controlled Trials Summary and Conclusions References Infection and Sepsis Introduction Pathogen Recognition and Intracellular Signaling Host Antimicrobial Peptides Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides In VivoApplications and Human-Trials of AMPs Summary and Conclusions References Anabolic Dysfunction Introduction Insulin and Muscle Protein Metabolism Growth Hormone and IGF-1 Growth Hormone Secretagogues Leucine, BCAA, and Related Peptides In VivoApplications and Clinical Trials References Bioactive Peptides for Alleviating Illness Anorexia Illness Anorexia Leptin and Food Intake Melanocortin Peptides Ghrelin Other Bioactive Peptides for Moderating Appetite In Vivo Studies and Controlled Trials Summary and Conclusions Referencesin and Food Intake Melanocortin Peptides Ghrelin Other Bioactive Peptides for Moderating Appetite In Vivo Studies and Controlled Trials Summary and Conclusions References.