Introduction Duncan B. Hollis and Jens David Ohlin I. Election Interference by Foreign Powers: Understanding Its History and its Harm(s) Chapter 1. Should we worry about partisan electoral interventions? The nature, history, and known effects of foreign interference in elections Dov H. Levin Chapter 2. Understanding Disinformation Operations in the 21st Century Steven J. Barela and Jérôme Duberry Chapter 3. Weaponizing Information Systems for Political Disruption Valeria Marcia and Kevin C.

Desouza Chapter 4. Protecting Democracy by Commingling Polities: The Case for Accepting Foreign Influence and Interference in Democratic Processes Duncan MacIntosh II. Understanding Election Interference via a Comparative Lens Chapter 5. The Specter of Chinese Interference: Examining Beijing's Inroads into India's Digital Spaces and Political Activity Arun Mohan Sukumar and Akhil Deo Chapter 6. A Swedish Perspective on Foreign Election Interference Alicia Fjällhed, James Pamment, and Sebastian Bay Chapter 7. When Does Election Interference Via Cyberspace Violate Sovereignty? James Van de Velde III. Combatting Foreign Election Interference under International Law Chapter 8. Foreign Election Interference and International Law Chimène Keitner Chapter 9.

Cybersecurity Abroad: Election Interference and the Extraterritoriality of Human Rights Treaty Obligations Ido Kilovaty Chapter 10. The Dangers of Forceful Countermeasures as a Response to Cyber Election Interference Jacqueline Van de Velde Chapter 11. Election Interference: A Unique Harm Requiring Unique Solutions Jens David Ohlin Chapter 12. The Free Speech Blind Spot: Foreign Election Interference on Social Media Evelyn Douek IV. Combatting Foreign Election Interference Through Other Means Chapter 13. Foreign Election Interference and Open-Source Anarchy David P. Fidler Chapter 14. Defending Democracies via Cybernorms Duncan B.

Hollis and Jan Neutze Chapter 15. Using Campaign Finance Reform to Protect U.S. Elections from 'Dark Money' and Foreign Influence Ian Vandewalker and Lawrence Norden Chapter 16. Conclusions Herb Lin.