Introduction Historic Need for Ecotoxicology Current Need for Ecotoxicology Expertise Ecotoxicology Ecotoxicology: A Synthetic Science Summary Suggested Readings Major Classes of Contaminants Introduction Major Classes of Contaminants Summary Background Chemistry Concepts and Definitions Suggested Readings Uptake, Biotransformation, Detoxification, Elimination, and Accumulation Introduction Uptake Biotransformation and Detoxification Elimination Accumulation Summary Suggested Readings Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation Introduction Chemical Qualities Influencing Bioavailability Biological Qualities Influencing Bioaccumulation Summary Suggested Readings Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer Introduction Quantifying Bioaccumulation from Food Inorganic Contaminants Organic Compounds Summary Suggested Readings Molecular Effects and Biomarkers Introduction Organic Compound Detoxification Metallothioneins Stress Proteins Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response DNA Modification Enzyme Dysfunction and Substrate Pool Shifts Summary Suggested Readings Cells, Tissues, and Organs Introduction General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology Gene and Chromosome Damage Cancer Gills as an Example Liver as an Example Summary Suggested Readings Sublethal Effects to Individuals General Selyean Stress Growth Development Reproduction Physiology Immunology Behavior Detecting Sublethal Effects Summary Suggested Readings Acute and Chronic Lethal Effects to Individuals General Dose-Response Survival Time Factors Influencing Lethality Summary Suggested Readings Effects on Populations Overview Epidemiology Population Dynamics and Demography Metapopulations Population Genetics Suggested Readings Effects to Communities and Ecosystems Overview Interactions Involving Two or a Few Species Community Qualities Ecosystem Qualities Summary Suggested Readings Landscape to Global Effects General Landscapes and Regions Continents and Hemispheres Biosphere Summary Suggested Readings Risk Assessment of Contaminants Overview Human Risk Assessment Ecological Risk Assessment Radiation Risk Assessment Conclusion Suggested Readings Conclusions Overview Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology Appendices Study Questions Glossary References t;P>Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation Introduction Chemical Qualities Influencing Bioavailability Biological Qualities Influencing Bioaccumulation Summary Suggested Readings Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer Introduction Quantifying Bioaccumulation from Food Inorganic Contaminants Organic Compounds Summary Suggested Readings Molecular Effects and Biomarkers Introduction Organic Compound Detoxification Metallothioneins Stress Proteins Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response DNA Modification Enzyme Dysfunction and Substrate Pool Shifts Summary Suggested Readings Cells, Tissues, and Organs Introduction General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology Gene and Chromosome Damage Cancer Gills as an Example Liver as an Example Summary Suggested Readings Sublethal Effects to Individuals General Selyean Stress Growth Development Reproduction Physiology Immunology Behavior Detecting Sublethal Effects Summary Suggested Readings Acute and Chronic Lethal Effects to Individuals General Dose-Response Survival Time Factors Influencing Lethality Summary Suggested Readings Effects on Populations Overview Epidemiology Population Dynamics and Demography Metapopulations Population Genetics Suggested Readings Effects to Communities and Ecosystems Overview Interactions Involving Two or a Few Species Community Qualities Ecosystem Qualities Summary Suggested Readings Landscape to Global Effects General Landscapes and Regions Continents and Hemispheres Biosphere Summary Suggested Readings Risk Assessment of Contaminants Overview Human Risk Assessment Ecological Risk Assessment Radiation Risk Assessment Conclusion Suggested Readings Conclusions Overview Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology Appendices Study Questions Glossary References ool Shifts Summary Suggested Readings Cells, Tissues, and Organs Introduction General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology Gene and Chromosome Damage Cancer Gills as an Example Liver as an Example Summary Suggested Readings Sublethal Effects to Individuals General Selyean Stress Growth Development Reproduction Physiology Immunology Behavior Detecting Sublethal Effects Summary Suggested Readings Acute and Chronic Lethal Effects to Individuals General Dose-Response Survival Time Factors Influencing Lethality Summary Suggested Readings Effects on Populations Overview Epidemiology Population Dynamics and Demography Metapopulations Population Genetics Suggested Readings Effects to Communities and Ecosystems Overview Interactions Involving Two or a Few Species Community Qualities Ecosystem Qualities Summary Suggested Readings Landscape to Global Effects General Landscapes and Regions Continents and Hemispheres Biosphere Summary Suggested Readings Risk Assessment of Contaminants Overview Human Risk Assessment Ecological Risk Assessment Radiation Risk Assessment Conclusion Suggested Readings Conclusions Overview Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology Appendices Study Questions Glossary References General Dose-Response Survival Time Factors Influencing Lethality Summary Suggested Readings Effects on Populations Overview Epidemiology Population Dynamics and Demography Metapopulations Population Genetics Suggested Readings Effects to Communities and Ecosystems Overview Interactions Involving Two or a Few Species Community Qualities Ecosystem Qualities Summary Suggested Readings Landscape to Global Effects General Landscapes and Regions Continents and Hemispheres Biosphere Summary Suggested Readings Risk Assessment of Contaminants Overview Human Risk Assessment Ecological Risk Assessment Radiation Risk Assessment Conclusion Suggested Readings Conclusions Overview Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology Appendices Study Questions Glossary References emispheres Biosphere Summary Suggested Readings Risk Assessment of Contaminants Overview Human Risk Assessment Ecological Risk Assessment Radiation Risk Assessment Conclusion Suggested Readings Conclusions Overview Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology Appendices Study Questions Glossary References.