Introduction Ecotoxicology as a Scientific Discipline Toxicants and Biosphere Toxicant Effects in Ecosystems Toxicant Fate in Ecosystems Organization of Knowledge Based on Explanatory Principles Bayesian Inference Toward Strongest Possible Inference and Clear Ecological Relevance References The Measurement Process General Regions of Quantitation Blank Correction Accuracy and Precision Variance Structure Sample Size Outliers Summary References Bioaccumulation General Modeling Bioaccumulation: General Approach Modeling Bioaccumulation: Alternative Approaches Intrinsic Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation Summary References Lethal and Other Quantal Responses to Stress General Dose-Response at a Set Endpoint Time to Death Quantifying the Effects of Extrinsic Factors Quantifying Effects of Intrinsic Factors Toxicant Mixtures Summary References Statistical Tests for Detection of Chronic Lethal and Sublethal Stress General Method Selection One-Way Analysis of Variance Test of Normality: Shapiro-Wilk''s Test Test for Homogeneity of Variances: Bartlett''s Test Treatment Means Compared to the Control Mean Monotonic Trend: Williams''s Test Steel''s Multiple Treatment-Control Rank Sum Test Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test with Bonferroni''s Adjustment A Second Look at Statistical Testing Inferring Biological Significance from Statistical Significance Summary References Population and Metapopulation Effects General Epidemiology Population Size Demography Spatial Distribution of Individuals Population Genetics Summary References Community Effects General Simple Species Interactions Community Structure and Function Composite Indices Metacommunities Trophic Exchange Summary References Summary Application Facilitating Growth of the Science References Appendices Appendix 1: Factors for Estimating Standard Deviation and Control Limits for Range Appendix 2: One-Sample Tolerance Probability Comparisons between nm* and nm Appendix 3: Critical Values of T Used to Test for Single Outliers (One-Sided Test) Appendix 4: Critical Values for λ Used to Test for Multiple Outliers (α = 0.05) Appendix 5: Response Metameters for Proportion Affected Appendix 6: Maximum Likelihood Values for Dixon''s Up-and-Down Method Appendix 7: E Values Used to Estimate 95% Confidence Intervals for LT50 with the Litchfield Method Appendix 8: Coefficients (an-i+1) for Shapiro-Wilk''s Test for Normality Appendix 9: Percentage Points of Shapiro-Wilk''s W Test for Normality Appendix 10: Dunnett''s t for One-Sided Comparisons between p Treatment Means and a Control for α = 0.05 Appendix 11: Dunnett''s t for Two-Sided Comparisons between p Treatment Means and a Control for α = 0.05 Appendix 12: Bonferroni''s Adjusted t Values for One-Sided Test and α = 0.01 Appendix 13: Bonferroni''s Adjusted t Values for One-Sided Test and α = 0.05 Appendix 14: Bonferroni''s Adjusted t Values for Two-Sided Test and α = 0.01 Appendix 15: Bonferroni''s Adjusted t Values for Two-Sided Test and α = 0.05 Appendix 16: Dunn-Sidák''s t for Comparisons between p Treatment Means and a Control for α = 0.

01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 (One-Sided Test) Appendix 17: Dunn-Sidák''s t for Comparisons between p Treatment Means and a Control for α = 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 (Two-Sided Test) Appendix 18: Williams''s ti , α for w = 1 and Extrapolation βt (Superscript) for a One-Sided Test and α = 0.

01 Appendix 19: Williams''s ti , α for w = 1 and Extrapolation βt (Superscript) for a One-Sided Test and α = 0.05 Appendix 20: Williams''s ti , α for w = 1 and Extrapolation βt (Superscript) for a Two-Sided Test and α = 0.01 Appendix 21: Williams''s ti , α for w = 1 and Extrapolation βt (Superscript) for a Two-Sided Test and α = 0.05 Appendix 22: Significant Values of Steel''s Rank Sums for a One-Sided Test with α = 0.05 or 0.01 Appendix 23: Significant Values of Steel''s Rank Sums for a Two-Sided Test with α = 0.05 or 0.01 Appendix 24: Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) Rank-Sum Test Critical Values with Bonferroni''s Adjustments: One-Sided Test and α = 0.

05 Appendix 25: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test Critical Values with Bonferroni''s Adjustments: Two-Sided Test and α = 0.05 Appendix 26: SAS Code for Implementing the Jonckheere-Terpstra Test Appendix 27: Balancing α, β, and Effect Size (ES) Appendix 28: Basic Matrix Methods Appendix 29: Values of θ Used for Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Mean and Standard Deviation of Truncated Data Index.