About the Authors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Part I Introduction 1 1 Pathogenesis of Cancer 3 The Origin of Cancer 3 Cancer Biology 7 Genetics and Cancer 9 Cell Division 11 Cell Cycle 12 Carcinogenesis 14 Mutation and Cancer 16 Metastasis 17 Key Terms 20 Bibliography 20 2 Global Epidemiology of Cancer 23 Incidence 23 Prevalence 24 Survival 26 Distribution of Cancer by Gender, Race, and Age 28 Global Burden of Cancer 29 Global Trends in Cancer 31 Global Prevalence of Cancer 32 Global Incidence and Mortality 32 Mortality due to Cancer in the United States 33 Risk Factors for Cancer Development 34 Years of Life Lost 36 Disability-Adjusted Life Years 36 Global Cancer Prevention 36 Key Terms 38 Bibliography 38 Part II Cancers of the Body Systems 41 3 Brain and Spine Tumors 43 Benign / Low Grade Tumors 43 Meningioma 44 Hemangioma 48 Neurofibroma 51 Schwannoma 53 Astrocytoma 55 Pituitary Adenoma 59 Malignant Tumors 62 Pituitary Carcinoma 63 Pineoblastoma 65 Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma 67 Anaplastic Ependymoma 69 Anaplastic Astrocytoma 70 Embryonal Carcinoma 73 Choriocarcinoma 74 Teratoma 75 Metastatic Tumors 77 Key Terms 80 Bibliography 81 4 Endocrine Tumors 85 Thyroid Adenoma 85 Thyroid Cancers 87 Papillary Carcinoma 87 Follicular Carcinoma 91 Medullary Carcinoma 93 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma 96 Parathyroid Tumors 98 Adenoma 98 Carcinoma 100 Thymus Tumors 102 Thymoma 102 Thymolipoma 105 Thymoliposarcoma 106 Adrenal Tumors 108 Adenoma of the Cortex 108 Carcinoma of the Cortex 110 Pheochromocytoma 114 Neuroblastoma 116 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 119 Key Terms 124 Bibliography 124 5 Respiratory Tumors 127 Nasopharyngeal Tumors 127 Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma 127 Nasopharyngeal Hemangioma 128 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma 128 Laryngeal Cancer 131 Lung Cancer 135 Bronchial Carcinoma 148 Carcinoid Tumors 151 Mesothelioma 155 Key Terms 161 Bibliography 161 6 Digestive Tumors 165 Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer 165 Esophageal Cancer 171 Stomach Cancer 176 Small-Bowel Tumors 180 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis 183 Colorectal Tumors 186 Anorectal Cancer 191 Pancreatic Cancer 194 Liver and Biliary Tract Cancers 198 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 198 Liver Metastases 201 Gallbladder Cancer 204 Key Terms 208 Bibliography 208 7 Lymphatic and Blood Cancer 211 Lymphomas 211 Non-Hodgkin''s Lymphoma 211 Hodgkin''s Lymphoma 216 Multiple Myeloma 222 Leukemias 225 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 226 Acute Myeloid Leukemia 230 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 234 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia 237 Key Terms 239 Bibliography 240 8 Male Reproductive Tumors 243 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 243 Prostate Cancer 248 Testicular Cancer 256 Penile Cancer 261 Key Terms 264 Bibliography 265 9 Female Reproductive Tumors 269 Benign Breast Tumors 269 Breast Cancer 272 Benign Ovarian Masses 286 Ovarian Cancer 290 Uterine Fibroids 296 Endometrial Cancer 300 Uterine Sarcoma 306 Choriocarcinoma 309 Cervical Polyps 311 Cervical Cancer 312 Vaginal and Vulvar Cancer 318 Key Terms 321 Bibliography 322 10 Skin Tumors 327 Moles 327 Dermatofibromas 331 Infantile Hemangiomas 332 Lipoma and Liposarcoma 335 Keloids 337 Melanoma 338 Basal Cell Carcinoma 343 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 347 Bowen Disease 350 Merkel Cell Skin Cancer 353 Kaposi Sarcoma 355 Key Terms 359 Bibliography 359 11 Bone Tumors 363 Benign Bone Tumors 363 Multiple Myeloma 368 Osteosarcoma 368 Chondrosarcoma 373 Ewing Sarcoma 376 Giant Cell Tumor of Bone 379 Metastatic Bone Tumors 383 Key Terms 386 Bibliography 386 12 Kidney and Urinary Bladder Tumors 391 Adenoma 391 Angiomyolipoma 393 Renal Cell Carcinoma 395 Renal Sarcoma 400 Wilms'' Tumor 402 Metastatic Tumors 406 Urinary Bladder Cancer 408 Transitional Cell Carcinoma 408 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 411 Adenocarcinoma 413 Key Terms 415 Bibliography 415 13 Diagnostic Procedures 421 Traditional X-rays 421 Computed Tomography 424 Positron Emission Tomography 428 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 431 Doppler and Duplex Doppler Ultrasonography 434 Transrectal Ultrasonography 436 Mammography 436 Nuclear Medicine 439 Endoscopy 441 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography 444 Biopsy 444 Lumbar Puncture 445 Hematology Tests 447 Urinalysis 448 Genetic Testing 450 Key Terms 451 Bibliography 452 Part III Treatment of Cancers 455 14 Surgical Oncology 457 Biopsy Techniques 457 Fine-Needle Aspiration 457 Core-Needle Biopsy 459 Open Biopsy 461 Endoscopic Biopsies 462 Cardiopulmonary Factors 462 Hematologic Factors 463 Gastrointestinal Factors 464 Geriatric Factors 464 Medications Affecting Surgery 467 Anesthesia 468 Resection 469 Tumor Margins 469 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy 470 Minimally Invasive Procedures 470 Emergent Surgery 472 Key Terms 472 Bibliography 473 15 Radiation Therapy 475 The Purpose of Radiation Therapy 476 Radiobiology 476 Cellular Response to Radiation 476 The Cell Cycle and Radiosensitivity 477 Cell Death 478 Factors Affecting the Biology of Cancers 479 Oxygen Effect 479 Dose Rate 480 Relative Biologic Effectiveness 480 Radiosensitivity 480 Apoptosis 480 Linear Energy Transfer 481 Fractionation 481 Types of Radiation Therapy 483 External Beam Radiation Therapy 483 Stereotactic Radiosurgery 485 Adaptive Planning 486 Charged Particle External Beam Radiation Therapy 487 Heavy Charged Particle External Beam Radiation Therapy 487 Brachytherapy 487 Radionuclide Therapy 489 Intraoperative Radiotherapy 489 Combined-Modality Therapy 489 Hyperthermia 490 Accidental Radiation Exposure 492 Acute Radiation Syndrome 493 Cutaneous Syndrome 493 Gastrointestinal Syndrome 493 Hematopoietic Syndrome 493 Cerebrovascular Syndrome 493 Radiation on the Embryo and Fetus 494 Radiation and Malignancies 494 Special Populations 495 Pregnant Women 495 Children 495 Elderly 495 Key Terms 495 Bibliography 495 16 Chemotherapy 499 Pharmacology of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 500 Principles of Pharmacokinetics 500 Pharmacogenomics 502 Drug Interactions with Chemotherapy 503 Antineoplastic Drugs 503 Classic Alkylating Agents 505 Platinum Analogs 507 Miscellaneous Alkylating Agents 508 Anthracycline Antibiotics 508 Miscellaneous Antitumor Antibiotics 510 Folate Antagonists 510 Purine Analogs 512 Pyrimidine Analogs 513 Vinca Alkaloids 514 Taxanes 515 Hormonal Therapies 517 Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Effects 520 Bone Marrow Suppression 520 Anemia 520 Insomnia 521 Cognitive Dysfunction 522 Fatigue 522 Thrombocytopenia 522 Neutropenia 523 Tumor Lysis Syndrome 525 Gastrointestinal Tract Toxicity 526 Integumentary Toxicity 528 Cardiotoxicity 529 Neurotoxicity 531 Pulmonary Toxicity 536 Nephrotoxicity 538 Hepatotoxicity 540 Key Terms 542 Bibliography 542 17 Immunotherapy 545 Immunology Overview 545 Innate Immunity 545 Adaptive Immunity 546 Cytokines 546 Antigen Presentation Cell 546 Tumor Escape Mechanisms 547 Interleukin-2 548 Biological Activity 548 Indications of Interleukin-2 549 Interferons 550 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin 551 Cancer Vaccines 551 Major Histocompatibility Complex 552 Immunoadjuvants 553 Human Papillomavirus 553 Prostate Cancer 554 Clinical Studies of New Vaccines 554 Key Terms 556 Bibliography 556 18 Gene Therapy 559 Gene Therapy Regulation 559 Cancer Gene Therapy 560 Cancer Gene Therapy Protocols 560 Tumor-Directed Gene Therapy Protocols 560 Suicide Gene Therapy 560 Tumor-Suppressor Gene Therapy 561 Antisense Oligonucleotides 561 Oncolytic Viral Gene Therapy 562 Active Immunotherapy 562 Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes 562 Cytokine Genes 563 DNA Vaccines 563 Adoptive Immunotherapy 563 Chimeric Receptors 564 Tumor-Specif.