Preface xv Part 1: Fundamentals of Ice Formation and Characterization 1 1 Factors Influencing the Formation, Adhesion, and Friction of Ice 3 Michael J. Wood and Anne-Marie Kietzig 1.1 A Brief History of Man and Ice 4 1.1.1 Ice on Earth 4 1.1.2 Man is Carved of Ice 5 1.1.

3 Modern Man Carves Ice 8 1.2 A Thermodynamically Designed Anti-Icing Surface 13 1.2.1 Homogeneous Classical Nucleation Theory 14 1.2.2 Heterogeneous Classical Nucleation Theory 16 1.2.3 Predicting Delays in Ice Nucleation 20 1.

2.4 Predicting Ice Nucleation Temperatures 22 1.3 The Adhesion of Ice to Surfaces 25 1.3.1 Wetting and Icing of Ideal Surfaces 26 1.3.2 Wetting of Real Surfaces 30 1.3.

3 Ice Adhesion to Real Surfaces 32 1.4 The Sliding Friction of Ice 38 1.4.1 Ice Friction Regimes 39 1.4.2 The Origin of Ice''s Liquid-Like Layer 42 1.4.3 Parameters Affecting The Friction Coefficient of Ice 43 1.

5 Summary 45 References 46 2 Water and Ice Nucleation on Solid Surfaces 55 Youmin Hou, Hans-Ju?rgen Butt and Michael Kappl 2.1 Introduction 55 2.2 Classical Nucleation Theory 57 2.2.1 Homogeneous Nucleation Rate 59 2.2.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation of Water Droplets and Ice from Vapor 60 2.

2.1.2 Homogeneous Ice Nucleation in Supercooled Water 61 2.2.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation Rate 63 2.2.2.1 Heterogeneous Water Nucleation on Solid Surfaces 63 2.

2.3 Spatial Control of Water Nucleation on Nanoengineered Surfaces 68 2.2.4 Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Supercooled Water 71 2.3 Prospects 76 2.4 Summary 78 Acknowledgement 79 References 79 3 Physics of Ice Nucleation and Growth on a Surface 87 Alireza Hakimian, Sina Nazifi and Hadi Ghasemi 3.1 Ice Nucleation 88 3.2 Ice Growth 94 3.

2.1 Scenario I: Droplet in an Environment without Airflow 95 3.2.2 Scenario II: Droplet in an Environment with External Airflow 99 3.3 Ice Bridging Phenomenon 105 3.4 Summary 108 References 109 4 Condensation Frosting 111 S. Farzad Ahmadi and Jonathan B. Boreyko 4.

1 Introduction 111 4.2 Why Supercooled Condensation? 114 4.3 Inter-Droplet Freeze Fronts 117 4.4 Dry Zones and Anti-Frosting Surfaces 124 4.5 Summary and Future Directions 129 References 131 5 The Role of Droplet Dynamics in Condensation Frosting 135 Amy Rachel Betz 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Nucleation 137 5.3 Growth 138 5.

4 Coalescence and Sweeping 139 5.5 Regeneration or Re-Nucleation 146 5.6 Inception of Freezing 147 5.7 Freezing Front Propagation 149 5.8 Ice Bridging 150 5.9 Frost Growth and Densification 153 5.10 Concluding Discussion 155 Acknowledgments 156 References 156 6 Defrosting Properties of Structured Surfaces 161 S. Farzad Ahmadi and Jonathan B.

Boreyko 6.1 Introduction: Defrosting on Smooth Surfaces 162 6.2 Defrosting Heat Exchangers 167 6.3 Dynamic Defrosting on Micro-Grooved Surfaces 170 6.4 Dynamic Defrosting on Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces 172 6.5 Dynamic Defrosting on Nanostructured Superhydrophobic Surfaces 176 6.6 Summary and Future Directions 179 References 181 Part 2: Ice Adhesion and Its Measurement 187 7 On the Relationship between Surface Free Energy and Ice Adhesion of Flat Anti-Icing Surfaces 189 Salih Ozbay and H. Yildirim Erbil 7.

1 Introduction 190 7.2 Types of Ice Formation 193 7.2.1 Ice Formation from Supercooled Drops on a Surface 193 7.2.2 Frost Formation from the Existing Humidity in the Medium 194 7.3 Work of Adhesion, Wettability and Surface Free Energy 195 7.4 Factors Affecting Ice Adhesion Strength and Its Standardization 197 7.

5 Effect of Water Contact Angle and Surface Free Energy Parameters on Ice Adhesion Strength 199 7.6 Summary 205 References 206 8 Metrology of Ice Adhesion 217 Alireza Hakimian, Sina Nazifi and Hadi Ghasemi 8.1 Theory of Ice Adhesion to a Surface 218 8.2 Centrifugal Force Method 221 8.3 Peak Force Method 224 8.4 Tensile Force Method 230 8.5 Standard Procedure for Ice Adhesion Measurement 231 8.6 Summary 233 References 233 9 Tensile and Shear Test Methods for Quantifying the Ice Adhesion Strength to a Surface 237 Alexandre Laroche, Maria Jose Grasso, Ali Dolatabadi and Elmar Bonaccurso Glossary 237 9.

1 Introduction 239 9.2 About Ice, Impact Ice, and Ice Adhesion Tests 241 9.2.1 Relationship between Wettability and Ice Adhesion 241 9.2.2 A Simple Picture of Condition-Dependent Ice Growth 246 9.2.3 Factors Affecting Ice Adhesion Strength 248 9.

3 Review of Ice Adhesion Test Methods 253 9.3.1 Shear Tests 257 9.3.1.1 Pusher and Lap Shear Tests 257 9.3.1.

2 Spinning Test Rigs 263 9.3.1.3 Vibrating Cantilever Tests 269 9.3.2 Tensile Tests 274 9.4 Prospects 279 9.5 Summary 279 Acknowledgements 280 References 280 10 Comparison of Icephobic Materials through Interlaboratory Studies 285 Sigrid Rønneberg, Caroline Laforte, Jianying He and Zhiliang Zhang 10.

1 Introduction 286 10.2 Icephobicity and Anti-Icing Surfaces 288 10.3 Ice Formation and Properties 289 10.3.1 Definitions of Ice 290 10.3.2 The Effect of Ice Type on Ice Adhesion Strength 294 10.4 Testing Ice Adhesion 299 10.

4.1 Description of Selected Common Ice Adhesion Tests 299 10.4.2 Adhesion Reduction Factor 303 10.4.3 Effect of Experimental Parameters 305 10.4.3.

1 Temperature 305 10.4.3.2 Ice Sample Size 307 10.4.3.3 Force Probe Placement and Loading Rate 308 10.5 Comparing Low Ice Adhesion Surfaces with Interlaboratory Tests 310 10.

5.1 The Need for Comparability 310 10.5.2 Interlaboratory Test Procedure 311 10.5.3 Interlaboratory Test Results 314 10.5.4 Properties of a Future Standard and Reference 317 10.

6 Concluding Remarks 319 References 320 Part 3: Methods to Mitigate Ice Adhesion 325 11 Mechanisms of Surface Icing and Deicing Technologies 327 Ilker S. Bayer 11.1 A Brief Description of Icing and Ice Adhesion 328 11.2 Examples of Mathematical Modeling of Icing on Various Static or Moving Surfaces 331 11.3 New Applications of Common Deicing Compounds 334 11.4 Plasma-Based Deicing Systems 336 11.5 Functional Super (Hydrophilic) or Wettable Polymeric Coatings to Resist Icing 340 11.6 Nanoscale Carbon Coatings with/without Resistive Heating 345 11.

7 Antifreeze Proteins 349 11.8 Summary and Perspectives 354 References 355 12 Icephobicities of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 361 Dong Song, Youhua Jiang, Mohammad Amin Sarshar and Chang-Hwan Choi 12.1 Introduction 362 12.2 Anti-Icing Property of Superhydrophobic Surfaces under Dynamic Flow Conditions 369 12.2.1 Preparation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 369 12.2.2 Anti-Icing Test under Dynamic Flow Conditions 369 12.

2.3 Results and Discussion 372 12.3 Analytical Models of Depinning Force on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 374 12.4 Analytical Models of Contact Angles on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 378 12.5 De-Icing Property of Superhydrophobic Surfaces under Static Conditions 381 12.5.1 De-Icing Test under Static Conditions 381 12.5.

2 Results and Discussion 382 12.6 Conclusions 384 Acknowledgments 384 References 384 13 Ice Adhesion and Anti-Icing Using Microtextured Surfaces 389 Mool C. Gupta and Alan Mulroney 13.1 Introduction 389 13.1.1 Background 389 13.1.2 State-of-the-Art 392 13.

2 Microtextured Surfaces: Wetting Characteristics and Anti-Icing Properties 393 13.2.1 Wetting on Microtextured Surfaces 393 13.2.2 Wetting and Icephobic Surfaces 396 13.2.3 Ice Adhesion to Microtextured Surfaces 398 13.3 Measurement Methods for Ice Adhesion 398 13.

3.1 Force Measurement Techniques 399 13.3.2 Contact Area Measurements 400 13.3.3 Measurement Variance and Error 401 13.4 Fabrication Methods for Microtextured Surfaces 402 13.4.

1 Micro/Nanoparticle Coatings 402 13.4.2 Chemical Etching 403 13.4.3 Laser Ablation Techniques 404 13.4.4 Embossing Techniques 406 13.5 Microtextured Surfaces and Anti-Icing Applications 407 13.

5.1 Solar 408 13.5.2 Wind 409 13.5.3 Aircraft 410 13.5.4 HVAC 410 13.

6 Future Outlook 411 Acknowledgments 411 References 412 14 Icephobic Surfaces: Features and Challenges 417 Michael Grizen and Manish K. Tiwari 14.1 Introduction 418 14.2 Features and Challenges in Rational Fabrication of Icephobic Surfaces 418 14.3 Wettability 420 14.4 Surface Engineering 422 14.4.1 Repelling Impacting Droplets 422 14.

4.1.1 Drop Impact Characterization 422 14.4.1.2 Enhancing Surface Resistance against Drop Impact 425 14.4.1.

3 Additional Factors Affecting Supercooled Droplet Impacts 431 14.4.2 Freezing Delay 432 14.4.2.1 Delaying Freezing of a Droplet 432 14.4.2.

2 Delaying Frost Formation 437 14.4.3 Ice Adhesion 443 14.4.3.1 Theory 443 14.4.3.

2 Strategies to Lower Ice Adhesion Strength 447