"Meadows combines extensive ethnographic fieldwork, archival research, and analysis of symbols to reconstruct the history and significance of the military societies of the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche tribes of southwestern Oklahoma. More important, he shows how these groups adapted in the twentieth century to provide each tribe with its own distinctive identity while serving as tools for social integration and enculturation at the same time." -- Journal of American History "Meadows produced a book that captures and records for all time the specifics of military society ceremonies, history and organization. In documenting and preserving these aspects of Indian life, he created a work valuable not just to anthropologists but to native preservationists as well." -- Whispering Wind "Because of the book's descriptive content, readers interested in the clothing, songs, dances, recruitment strategies, and symbols used by the various military societies recognized by the Comanches, Apaches, and Kiowas will find this work incredibly useful." -- Journal of Military History "This book deserves praise, especially for the author's own fieldwork and thorough use of the Native voice in depicting the multifaceted roles these sodalities played in Southern Plains Indian cultures." -- Western Historical Quarterly "This is a good book, detailed, scholarly, and clearly presented. The importance of [the author's] fieldwork cannot be overemphasized.

The research is solid. The author used important, and some long-forgotten, archival manuscripts and the best linguistic data available." -- Military History of the West "A solid, important contribution to anthropology. Meadows demonstrates that Plains Indian military societies were not homogenous, and that they are central to an understanding of past and present Plains social organization, politics, warfare, and religion." --Daniel J. Gelo, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio For many Plains Indians, being a warrior and veteran has long been the traditional pathway to male honor and status. Men and boys formed military societies to celebrate victories in war, to perform community service, and to prepare young men for their role as warriors and hunters. By preserving cultural forms contained in song, dance, ritual, language, kinship, economics, naming, and other semireligious ceremonies, these societies have played an important role in maintaining Plains Indian culture from the pre-reservation era until today.

In this book, Williams C. Meadows presents an in-depth ethnohistorical survey of Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche military societies, drawn from extensive interviews with tribal elders and military society members, unpublished archival sources, and linguistic data. He examines their structure, functions, rituals, and martial symbols, showing how they fit within larger tribal organizations. And he explores how military societies, like powwows, have become a distinct public format for cultural and ethnic continuity.