Preface 1. The Nature of Delinquency Public Perceptions of Adolescents and Delinquents Public Perceptions of Crime and Delinquency Policymakers'' Perceptions of Crime and Delinquency Changes in Juvenile Justice Policy Media''s Images of Delinquents The Nature of Adolescence Cultural Differences of Youths Baby Boomers Generation X Generation Y/Millenials Societal Problems and Youths Poverty Unemployment Housing Education Risk and Protective Factors Definitions of Juvenile Delinquency History of Juvenile Delinquency in the United States Nineteenth-Century United States Delinquency in the Twentieth-Century Delinquency in the 1960s-1970s Delinquency in the 1980s-1990s Difference between Juvenile Court and Adult Court Delinquency and Public Policy 2. Measuring Delinquency Measuring Crime and Delinquency Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Limitations of the UCR National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Victimization Studies Limitations of NCVS Victimization Surveys and the UCR Measuring Crime: Self-Report Studies General Trends in Delinquency Official Statistics Delinquent Trends: Self-Report Studies Correlates to Delinquency Gender Race Social Class Age Onset Chronic Offending Victimization and Delinquency Victimization Risk The Youngest Victims Measuring Delinquency and Public Policy 3. Status Offending A Brief History The Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) Amendments to the JJDPA Status Offenders versus Delinquents The Changing Nature of Status Offending Runaways Definition Profiles Programs for Runaway Youths Truancy Causes School Configuration Academic Performance Family Involvement Neighborhood and Community Factors Incorrigibility Historical Roots Incorrigibility and the Juvenile Justice System Curfew Violations Proponents and Opponents of Curfews The Legality of Curfews Underage Drinking Underage Smoking Extent Effects of Smoking Reasons Teenagers Smoke Media Campaign and Teenage Smoking Status Offenders and Public Policy 4. Social Structural Theories of Delinquency Social Structural Influences Poverty Deindustrialization and the Economy The Housing Crunch Public Education The Origins of Social Structural Theories of Delinquency Emile Durkheim Contemporary Applications Social Disorganization Theory Concentric Zones Disorganization and Delinquency Breakdown in Control Reasons for Delinquency The Social Ecology of Delinquency Walter Miller''s Lower Class Culture Theory Strain and Anomie Theories Robert Merton''s Strain Theory Robert Agnew''s General Strain Theory Differential Opportunity Subcultural Theories of Delinquency Albert Cohen''s Theory Subculture of Violence Social Structural Theories and Public Policy 5. Social Process Theories of Delinquency Learning Theories and Delinquency Social Learning Theory Edwin Sutherland''s Differential Association Theory Sykes and Matza''s Neutralization Theory Drift Theory Ronald Aker''s Social Learning Theory Social Control Theory Albert J. Reiss''s Personality and Control Theory Walter Reckless''s Containment Theory Travis Hirschi''s Bonding Theory Gottfredson and Hirschi''s General Theory of Crime Labeling Theory Application of Labels The Labeling Process Consequences of Labeling Social Conflict Theories Marx and Engel''s Conflict Theory Modern Conflict Theory Social Process Theories and Public Policy 6. Individual Views of Delinquency Rational Choice and Delinquency Classical Criminology Deterrence Positivist Theories Biochemical Factors Neurological Issues Genetic Influences Intelligence and Delinquency Psychological Theories Psychodynamic Theory Behavioral Theory Cognitive Theory Violence and the Media Cognitive Skills of Youths Piaget''s Stages of Cognitive Development Kohlberg''s Theory of Moral Development Developmental Psychology Psychological Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder Conduct Disorders Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Bipolar Disorder Psychopathy Individual Theories and Public Policy 7.

Family and Delinquency Good Parenting Clarity Consistency Flexibility Love Resiliency Family Structure External Structural Changes to Families Cohabitation and Childbearing Divorce Women in the Workforce The Changing Role of Fathers Internal Family Dynamics Birth Order Family Size Family Violence Discipline Spanking Verbal Assault Neglect and Abuse Types of Neglect Reasons for Neglect Child Abuse Sexual Abuse Child Protective Services Intake Initial Assessment or Investigation Family Assessment Case Planning Provision of Services Ongoing Assessment Case Closure Foster Care Families, Delinquency, and Public Policy 8. Gangs and Delinquency Definition of Gangs Gang Databases and Identifying Gang Members Reasons for Joining Media Distortion Origins of Gangs Extent and Types of Gangs Black Gangs The Crips The Bloods Hispanic/Latino Gangs People Nation vs. Folk Nation The Latin Kings MS-13 Asian Gangs Chinese Gangs Japanese Yakuza Vietnamese Gangs White Gangs Stoner Gangs Skinheads Female Gangs Gang Structure Organization Leadership Turf Social Solidarity Purpose The Changing Nature of Gangs Gang Behavior Drugs Violence Community Responses to Gangs and Public Policy 9. Special Populations and Delinquency Sexual Activity Juvenile Sex Offenders Juvenile Prostitution International Trafficking of Children Mental Illness Fire Starters Domestic Violence Chronic Offenders Violent Offenders Computer Hackers Public Policy for Special Populations 10. Schools and Delinquency Structure of Public Education Social Class Tracking No Child Left Behind Problems in Schools Dropouts Academic Achievement School Crime Bullying and Intimidation School Shootings Strategies to Reduce School Crime School Uniforms Zero Tolerance Alternative Schools School Searches Due Process Corporal Punishment Free Speech Public Policy Regarding Delinquency in Schools 11. Females and Delinquency Definition of Sex and Gender Differences between Boys and Girls Physical Differences Specialized Differences Historical Overview Females and Delinquency Increase in Female Crime Being Like Males Paternalism and Females Theories of Female Delinquency Early Biological and Psychological Explanations Sociological Explanations Feminist Perspectives Liberal Feminism Phenomenological Feminism Socialist Feminism Marxist Feminism Radical Feminism Gender and the Juvenile Justice System Female Delinquency and Public Policy 12. Delinquency Prevention Current Delinquency Prevention in the United States Primary Delinquency Prevention Programs Prenatal Care for Expectant Mothers Early Childhood and Preschool Programs Parenting Skills Neighborhood/Block Watch Target Hardening Measures Crime Preventions through Environmental Design (CPTED) Secondary Delinquency Prevention Programs Types of Risk Factors Individual Risk Factors Social Risk Factors Community Risk Factors Examples of Secondary Prevention Programs Mentoring Programs Job Training School-Based Programs Community Involvement Delinquency Prevention Programs Delinquency Prevention and Public Policy 13. Law Enforcement and Delinquency Historical Overview The Juvenile Justice System and Policing in the United States Police Matrons and Delinquents Professionalization of Policing Law Enforcement;s Perception of Juveniles Law Enforcement Officers and Social Workers Law Enforcement Discretion Racial and Gender Biases Procedural Rules Governing Juveniles Arrest Search and Seizure Custodial Interrogation Delinquency Prevention Strategies G.

R.E.A.T. The Police Athletic League Police Cadet Programs Aggressive Patrol Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing Law Enforcement-Juvenile Public Policy 14. Juvenile Court System Historical Overview Recent Changes Criminal Court Transfers Confidentiality Laws Tougher Juvenile Sanctions Juvenile Justice Participants Judges Referees Prosecutors Defense Attorneys Probation Officers Court Advocates Juvenile Court Process Intake Detention Bail Plea Bargain Transfer Procedure Waivers to Adult.