PrefaceAbout the AuthorPART I: WHY DO WE USE STATISTICS?1 Why Statistics? What Can Statistics Do for Me? Research Design and Statistics Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself2 The Starting Place: Data and Distributions Populations and Samples Types of Data Frequency Distributions Frequency Distributions in Excel Frequency Distributions in SPSS Summary of Frequency Distributions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself3 Probability and Sampling Concepts of Probability Sampling Techniques Distribution of Sample Means Introduction Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test YourselfPART II: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS4 Central Tendency Central Tendency in Distributions Mean Median Mode Which Measure of Central Tendency Should I Use? Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself5 Variability Variability in Distributions Range and Interquartile Range Standard Deviation Which Measure of Variability Should I Use? Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself6 Presenting Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics in Graphs Descriptive Statistics in Tables APA Style for Graphs and Tables Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test YourselfPART III: BASICS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING7 The Normal Distribution and z Scores The z Score Transformation The Normal Distribution Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself8 Hypothesis-Testing Logic Using the Normal Distribution to Test Hypotheses Logic of Hypothesis Testing Types of Hypothesis-Testing Errors Statistical Significance Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test YourselfPART IV: THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF STATISTICAL TESTS9 The t Distribution The t Distribution One-Sample t Test Using SPSS to Conduct a One-Sample t Test Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself10 Related/Paired Samples t Test Calculating a Related/Paired Samples t Test Using SPSS to Conduct a Related/Paired Samples t Test Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself11 Independent Samples t Test Independent Samples Calculating the Independent Samples t Test Using SPSS to Conduct an Independent Samples t Test Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself12 One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) More Than Two Independent Samples Calculating the F Score in an ANOVA Using SPSS to Conduct a One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself13 Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Factorial Designs Calculating a Two-Way ANOVA Understanding Interactions Using SPSS to Calculate Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVAs Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself14 One-Way Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Within-Subjects Designs Calculating a Within-Subjects ANOVA Using SPSS to Calculate One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVAs Test Assumptions More Complex Within-Subjects Designs Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself15 Correlation Tests and Simple Linear Regression Correlation Versus Causation Hypothesis Testing With Pearson r Using SPSS to Conduct a Pearson r Test Regression Analyses Nonlinear Relationships Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself16 Chi-Square Tests Parametric Versus Nonparametric Tests Observed Versus Expected Frequencies Calculating a Chi-Square by Hand Calculating a Chi-Square Using SPSS Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test YourselfAppendix A: Answers to Stop and Think QuestionsAppendix B: Unit Normal Table (z Table)Appendix C: t Distribution TableAppendix D: F Distribution TableAppendix E: Pearson r Critical Values TableAppendix F: Chi-Square Critical Values TableGlossaryReferencesIndex.