Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction Insect vectors Distribution of vectors Mosquitoes Anopheles spp. Aedes spp. Culex spp. Flies Simulium spp. Glossina spp. tsetse flies Phlebotomine sand flies Musca domestica and other synanthropic spp. Other vectors Triatomine bugs Chemical control Hazard and toxicity Toxicity Insecticides WHO recommendations Formulations Packaging and storage Waste disposal Conclusion References 2 Indoor Residual Spraying Equipment for indoor residual spraying Spray volume Insecticides Operator exposure Resident exposure Implementation of indoor residual spraying Village intervention teams Planning programmes Insecticides Equipment required Storage Training Monitoring Environmental assessment Evaluation Economics Conclusion References 3 Space Treatment Requirements for space treatments Equipment for space treatments Portable equipment Mist treatments Vehicle mounted equipment Aerial application Insecticides Planning Assessment of space sprays Monitoring Conclusion References 4 Bed Nets and Treated Clothing Material Mesh size Shape Insecticide Insecticide impregnation Impact of washing nets Distribution of nets Trial data Operational use Treated clothing Impregnated sheeting Conclusion References 5 Larviciding Larvicide application Mosquito control Oils Insecticides Application of mosquito larvicides Knapsack spraying Motorised equipment Aerial application for mosquito control Application of aerial sprays Application of granules Ground application Aerial application Monitoring Black flies Insecticides Aerial application of larvicides for black fly control Boat application Applications in small streams Monitoring Conclusion References 6 Integrated Vector Management Cultural controls House design Drainage and water management schemes Personal protection Impregnated clothing Insecticide treated bed nets Repellents Barrier treatments Implementation of IVM An example of IVM at Copper mines in Zambia Costs Development of new technology Conclusion References 7 Other Insects - Flies, Cockroaches and Bed Bugs Flies Refuse dumps Space treatments Mist treatments Cockroaches Traps Sprays Baits Bed bugs Conclusion References 8 Looking Ahead New insecticides? Can insecticides with new modes of action be developed? Insecticide resistance Bio-pesticides Spray technology Electrostatic spraying? Different sprayers? Different nozzles? Using a paint Innovative application technique Genetically modified mosquitoes Attractants Urbanisation Economics Conclusion References Appendix A: Calibration Appendix B: Conversion Tables Index.