Boxes, Illustrations, and Maps Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction: Revolutionary Europe Timeline of European History 1 The Old Regime and the Enlightenment The Old Regime in France The Enlightenment The Impact of the Enlightenment 2 The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789: The Revolution Begins The Radical Republic and the Terror Napoleon and Europe 3 The Industrial Revolution and the Birth of Capitalism Causes of the Industrial Revolution Socioeconomic Consequences of Industrialization The Impact of the Industrial Revolution 4 1848: The People's Spring Europe after 1815: Reaction Liberalism and Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century Precursors to 1848: The 1830 Revolution in France The Revolutions of 1848 Revolt Spreads through Europe Repression and Reaction Consequences and Legacy of 1848 5 Marx, Marxism, and Socialism Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto Marxist Theory The Idea of Communism The Legacy of Marxism 6 Darwinism and Social Darwinism Charles Darwin The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Darwinism and Religion Social Darwinism Social Darwinism and European History The Influence of Darwinism 7 The Unifications of Italy and Germany Nationalism and the Nation-State Prelude to Unification: The Crimean War Mazzini, Cavour, and the Unification of Italy Bismarck and the Unification of Germany The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Implications of Nationalism and Unification 8 The Age of Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa European Expansionism before the Nineteenth Century The Motivations for Imperialism The Scramble for Africa The Colonization of Asia Patterns of Colonial Rule The Legacy and Consequences of European Imperialism 9 World War I Europe on the Eve of War The Tinderbox: Nationalism in the Balkans The Spark: The Assassination The Escalation The War Versailles, the Peace Settlements, and the League of Nations Consequences of the War 10 The Russian Revolution and Communism Tsarist Russia Hints of Change and Reform 1905: Prelude to Revolution Marxism and Leninism World War I and the Two Revolutions Civil War, NEP, and Consolidation Stalin and Totalitarianism The Legacy and Meaning of the Russian Revolution 11 World War II and the Holocaust Europe between the World Wars The Rise of Militarism and Fascism Hitler's Aggression The War The Holocaust The Consequences of World War II 12 Europe Divided, the Cold War, and Decolonization The Division of Europe The Onset of the Cold War Decolonization Postwar Western Europe Eastern Europe after the War Conclusions: From Cold War to Perestroika 13 1989: The Collapse of Communism and End of the Cold War Before 1989: Soviet Hegemony and the Brezhnev Doctrine Gorbachev and Perestroika The Revolutions of 1989 The Disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia Transition from Communism to Market Democracy Conclusions: The Impact of 1989 14 The European Union: Europe United and Free? Origins of the Common Market From Common Market to EU Expansion to Eastern Europe The European Superpower? Growing Pains Breaking Point? Immigration Crisis and Brexit What Is Europe? Conclusion: Europe in the Twenty-First Century Russia's Place in Europe and the Crisis in Ukraine Europe's Evolving Relationship with the United States Glossary Notes Suggestions for Additional Reading Index About the Author.